MELANOMA CANCER

Year 2013, Volume: 31 Issue: 4, 555 - 569, 01.12.2013

Kadriye Kızılbey Zeynep Mustafaeva Akdeste

Abstract

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in cells that produce the pigment on the surface of the skin. Melanocytes are settled cells on the skin's upper layer that give color to the skin. Cancer is limitless and dispersed growth of melanocytes cells that give color to skin. Time is needed for the growth of the cells, and they grow into the depths of the skin. Changed very nature melanocytes rapidly spread to other tissues by taking the place of normal tissues or disrupting the function of them. By reaching the blood and lymph vessels it can access to the body and become life-threatening illness. The diagnosis of melanoma is easy if it is still on skin surface. Early diagnosis of melanoma can be cured completely but it may become dangerous in spread out and advanced state.

Keywords

Melanoma, skin, cancer, mutation, tumor, synthetic vaccine

References

• [1] (2006). What you need to know about cancer, (NIH Publication National Cancer Institute).
• [2] Blanchard, T., Srivastava, P.K., and Duan, F. (2013). Vaccines against advanced melanoma. Clinics in Dermatology 31, 179-190.
• [3] Lee, C., Collichio, F., Ollila, D., and Moschos, S. (2013). Historical review of melanoma treatment and outcomes. Clinics in Dermatology 31, 141-147.
• [4] Rajpar, S., and Marsden, J. (2008). ABC of skin cancer, Volume 140, (BMJ Books).
• [5] Health, N.I.o. (1988). In National Cancer Institute.
• [6] Skin Cancer Foundation. Melanoma Warning Signs and Images. Available from: http://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma [Erişim tarihi;01.12.2011].
• [7] Kaufman, H.L. (2005). The melanoma book: a complete guide to prevention and treatment, (Gotham).
• [8] Winslow, T (2008) National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/melanoma/Patient/page2 [Erişim tarihi;10.11.2011].
• [9] Özçelik, S., and Akyol, M. (2007). Melanoma Epidemiyolojisi. TURKDERM 41, 5.
• [10] Kızılbey, K. (2012). Melanoma hastalığını oluşturan sentetik peptidlerin poliakrilikasit ve kopolimerleri ile konjugasyonu. In Biochemistry. (İstanbul: Yildiz Technical University).
• [11] International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organisation. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr/ [Erişim tarihi;03.12.2011].
• [12] Clark, J.R., and March, J.B. (2006). Bacteriophages and biotechnology: vaccines, gene therapy and antibacterials. Trends in biotechnology 24, 212-218.
• [13] Gurunathan, S., Klinman, D.M., and Seder, R.A. (2000). DNA vaccines: immunology, application, and optimization*. Annual review of immunology 18, 927-974.
• [14] Coates, T., Wilson, R., Patrick, G., André, F., and Watson, V. (2001). Hepatitis B vaccines: assessment of the seroprotective efficacy of two recombinant DNA vaccines. Clinical therapeutics 23, 392-403.
• [15] Moĭsa, A., and Kolesanova, E. (2010). [Synthetic peptide vaccines]. Biomeditsinskaia khimiia 57, 14-30.
• [16] Magliani, W., Conti, S., Salati, A., Arseni, S., Ravanetti, L., Frazzi, R., and Polonelli, L. (2003). Biotechnological approaches to the production of idiotypic vaccines and antiidiotypic antibiotics. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 4, 91-97.
• [17] Barrios, Y., Cabrera, R., Yáñez, R., Briz, M., Plaza, A., Forés, R., Fernández, M.-N., and Díaz-Espada, F. (2002). Anti-idiotypic vaccination in the treatment of low-grade B-cell lymphoma. haematologica 87, 400-407.
• [18] Akan, E. (1992). Genel Mikrobiyoloji ve İmmünoloji. Güney Matbaası, Adana.
• [19] Bilgehan, H. (1993). Temel Mikrobiyoloji ve Bağışıklık Bilimi, (İzmir: Barış Yayınları, Fakülteler Kitapevi).
• [20] Yufeng, L., Shujuan, L., Kim, M., and Patrick, H. Summary of the primer on tumor immunology and the biological therapy of cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine 7.
• [21] Laino, C. (2009). Experimental Vaccine Improves Response in Melanoma. Oncology Times 31, 39.
• [22] Martin-Orozco, N., Muranski, P., Chung, Y., Yang, X.O., Yamazaki, T., Lu, S., Hwu, P., Restifo, N.P., Overwijk, W.W., and Dong, C. (2009). T helper 17 cells promote cytotoxic T cell activation in tumor immunity. Immunity 31, 787-798.
• [23] Mustafaev, M., and Norimov, A.S. (1990). Polymer-metal complexes of protein antigens--new highly effective immunogens. Biomedical science 1, 274.
• [24] Mustafaev, M.I. (1996). Biyopolimerler, (Marmara Araştırma Merkezi).
• [25] Mustafaev, M. (2004). Functionally Biopolymer Systems. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Science 4, 1-201.
• [26] Petrov, R., Mustafaev, M., and Norimov, A.S. (1992). Physico-chemical criteria for the construction of artificial immunomodulators and immunogens on the basis of polyelectrolyte complexes. Vol 4, 1-113.
• [27] Anderson, K.S., and LaBaer, J. (2005). The sentinel within: exploiting the immune system for cancer biomarkers. J Proteome Res 4, 1123-1133.
• [28] Chen, Q., Jackson, H., Shackleton, M., Parente, P., Hopkins, W., Sturrock, S., MacGregor, D., Maraskovsky, E., Tai, T.Y., Dimopoulos, N., et al. (2005). Characterization of antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses in skin and peripheral blood following intradermal peptide vaccination. Cancer Immun 5, 5.
• [29] Davis, I.D. (2000). An overview of cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 78, 179-195.
• [30] Ge, H.L., Wang, Y., Wang, S.J., and Zhang, Y. (2006). Identification of melanoma-specific peptide epitopes by HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 38, 110-118.
• [31] Jager, E., Gnjatic, S., Nagata, Y., Stockert, E., Jager, D., Karbach, J., Neumann, A., Rieckenberg, J., Chen, Y.T., Ritter, G., et al. (2000). Induction of primary NY-ESO-1 immunity: CD8+ T lymphocyte and antibody responses in peptide-vaccinated patients with NY-ESO-1+ cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, 12198-12203.
• [32] Smith, C., and Cerundolo, V. (2001). Immunotherapy of melanoma. Immunology 104, 1-7.
• [33] Anderson, K.S., and LaBaer, J. (2005). The sentinel within: Exploiting the immune system for cancer biomarkers. J Proteome Res 4, 1123-1133.
• [34] Nestle, F. (2002). Vaccines and melanoma. Clinical and experimental dermatology 27, 597-601.
• [35] Basalp, A., Bermek, E., Cirakoglu, B., Coka, V., Mustafaev, M.I., and Sarac, A.S. (1996). Immune response to 17 beta-estradiol in polyelectrolyte complex: antigen specificity and affinity of hybridoma clones. Hybridoma 15, 233-238.
• [36] Basalp, A., Mustafaeva, Z., Mustafaev, M., and Bermek, E. (2000). Immune response to 17beta-estradiol involved in polymer gels: antigen specificity and affinity of hybridoma clones. Hybridoma 19, 495-499.
• [37] Basalp, A., Mustafaeva, Z., and Mustafaev, M. (2002). Immunogenic Cu2+-induced biopolymer systems comprising a steroid hormone, protein antigen, and synthetic polyelectrolytes. Hybrid Hybridomics 21, 45-51.
• [38] Berezin, I.V., Mustafaev, M. I., Dikov, M. M., Egorov, A. M. (1980). Methods of preparation of stabile enzymes, containing SH- groups.
• [39] Chegel, V., Shirshov, Y., Avilov, S., Demchenko, M., and Mustafaev, M. (2002). A novel aldehyde dextran sulfonate matrix for affinity biosensors. J Biochem Biophys Methods 50, 201-216.
• [40] Chegel, V., Shirshov, Y., Avilov, S., Verevka, S., Demchenko, M., and Mustafaev, M. (2000). Oxidized polysaccharides as matrix structures for surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Functional materials 7, 1.
• [41] Abuchowski, A., Van Es, T., Palczuk, N., and Davis, F. (1977). Alteration of immunological properties of bovine serum albumin by covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol. Journal of Biological Chemistry 252, 3578.
• [42] Dilgimen, A.S., Mustafaeva, Z., Demchenko, M., Kaneko, T., Osada, Y., and Mustafaev, M. (2001). Water-soluble covalent conjugates of bovine serum albumin with anionic poly(N-isopropyl-acrylamide) and their immunogenicity. Biomaterials 22, 2383-2392.
• [43] Dincer, B., Mustafaev, M., and Bayuelken, S. (1997). High‐performance liquid chromatography study of water‐soluble ternary polyacrylamide‐metal‐protein complexes. J Appl Polym Sci 65, 37-40.
• [44] Filenko, A., Demchenko, M., Mustafaeva, Z., Osada, Y., and Mustafaev, M. (2001). Fluorescence study of Cu2+-induced interaction between albumin and anionic polyelectrolytes. Biomacromolecules 2, 270-277.
• [45] Güney, O., Saraq, A.S., and Mustafaev, M.I. (1997). Fluorescence and turbidimetry study of complexation of human serum albumin with polycations. Journal of bioactive and compatible polymers 12, 231.
• [46] Kabanov, V.A., Mustafaev, M.I., Nekrasov, A.V., Norimov, A., and Petrov, R.V. (1984). [Critical nature of the effect of the degree of polyelectrolyte polymerization on immunostimulating properties]. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 274, 998-1001.
• [47] Mustafaev, M., Osada, Y., Matsukata, M., Basalp, A., Ēirakoglu, B., and Bermek, E. (1996). New amphiphilic immunogens by poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide)-modified bovine serum albumin. Polymer Gels and Networks 4, 363-372.
• [48] Mustafaev, M.I. (1996). Polyelectrolytes in Immunology: Fundametals and Perspectives. Turkish Journal of Chemistry 20, 126-138.
• [49] Mustafaev, M., and Saraç, A. (1996). Polyelectrolyte complexes (in immunology). The Polymeric Materials. Encyclopedia. Synthesis, Properties and Applications, JC Salomone, ed., CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 5771-5777.
• [50] Mustafaev, M., Bayülken, S., Ergen, E., Yılmaz Erkol, A., and Ardagil, N. (2001). Radiation-induced formation of polyacrylic acid–protein covalent conjugates. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 60, 567-575.
• [51] Mustafaev, M., Mustafaeva, Z., Ergen, E., Uraki, Y., and Sano, Y. (2002). Novel betulin- containing polyelectrolyte Conjugates. Journal of bioactive and compatible polymers 17, 251.
• [52] Mustafaev, M., and Mustafaeva, Z. (2002). Novel polypeptide-comprising biopolymer systems. Technology and Health Care-Journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine 10, 217-226.
• [53] Özeroglu, C., Namazova, N., Mustafaev, M., and Saraç, A. (1996). The complex formation between polyacrylamide containing glycine end groups and bovine serium albumin in the presence of copper (II) in neutral aqueous media. Colloid & Polymer Science 274, 418-427.
• [54] Oezeroğlu, C., Gueney, O., Sarac, A.S., and Mustafaev, M.I. (1996). The polymerization of acrylamide initiated with CE (IV) and KMNO4 redox systems in the presence of glycine. J Appl Polym Sci 60, 759-765.
• [55] Yücel, F., Çirakoglu, B., Mustafaeva, Z., and Mustafaev, M. (2001). Immune Response to Progesterone Immobilized on Cu2+-Induced Amphifilic Polyelectrolyte-Protein Complex: Antigen Specificity and Affinity of Hybridoma Clones. Hybridoma 20, 11-15.
• [56] Hermanson, G.T. (1996). Bioconjugate techniques, (Academic Press).
• [57] Sheehan, J., Cruickshank, P., and Boshart, G. (1961). Notes-A Convenient Synthesis of Water-Soluble Carbodiimides. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 26, 2525-2528.
• [58] Sheehan, J.C., Preston, J., and Cruickshank, P.A. (1965). A rapid synthesis of oligopeptide derivatives without isolation of intermediates. Journal of the American Chemical Society 87, 2492-2493.
• [59] Chu, F.S., Chang, F.C., and Hinsdill, R.D. (1976). Production of antibody against ochratoxin A. Appl Environ Microbiol 31, 831-835.
• [60] Chu, F.S., and Ueno, I. (1977). Production of antibody against aflatoxin B1. Appl Environ Microbiol 33, 1125-1128.