Technical Brief
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Year 2024, Volume: 42 Issue: 2, 614 - 620, 30.04.2024

Abstract

References

  • REFERENCES
  • [1] De Castro S, Arruda F, Da Cunha R, SouzaDe R, Braga W, Dórea G. Toxic metals (Pb and Cd) and their respective antagonists (Ca and Zn) in infant formulas and milk marketed in Brasilia, Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2010;7:40624077. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Ikem A, Nwankwoala A, Odueyungbo S, Nyavor K, Egiebor N. Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP-OES. Food Chem 2002;77:439447. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Al Khalifa, A. S., & Ahmad, D. Determination of key elements by ICP-OES in commercially available infant formulae and baby foods in Saudi Arabia. Afr J Food Sci 2010;4:464468. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Dabeka R, Fouquet A, Belisle S, Turcotte S. Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions. Food Addit Contam 2011;28:744753. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Saracoglu S, Saygi O, Uluozlu, D, Tuzen M, Soylak M. Determination of trace element contents of baby foods from Turkey. Food Chem 2007;105:280285. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Kazi G, Jalbani N, Baig A, Afridi I, Kandhro A, Arain B, Shah Q. Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:14251429. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Walker M, known contaminants found in infant formula. Mothering 2000;100:6770.
  • [8] Golpayegani A, Khanjani N. Occupational and environmental exposure to lead in Iran: a systematic review. Health Dev J 2012;1:7489.
  • [10] Salnikow K, Zhitkovich A. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chem Res Toxicol 2007;21:28-44.
  • [11] Reeves PG, Chaney RL. Nutritional status affects the absorption and whole-body and organ retention of cadmium in rats fed rice-based diets. Environ Sci Technol 2002;36:26842692.
  • [12] Tripathi R, Raghunath R, Sastry V, Krishnamoorthy T. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. Sci Total Environ 1999;227:22935.
  • [13] Al Khalifa A, Ahmad D. Determination of key elements by ICP-OES in commercially available infant formulae and baby foods in Saudi Arabia. Afr J Food Sci 2010;4:464468.
  • [14] Salah F, Esmat I, Mohamed A. Heavy metals residues and trace elements in milk powder marketed in Dakahlia Governorate. Inter Food Res J 2013;20:1219.
  • [15] Codex General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed. CXS 193-2009. Available at: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/thematic-areas/contaminants/en/ Accessed on Feb 08, 2024.
  • [16] Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Food & Feed-Maximum limit of heavy metals. Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. 1st. ed. Iran: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; 2012.
  • [17] Elbagermi M, Alajtal A, Edwards H, Alsedawi N. Levels of major and minor elements in some commercial baby foods available in Libya. Am J Chem Appl 2017;4:110.
  • [18] Abdelkhalek A, Elsherbini M, Gunbaej E. Assessment of heavy metals residues in milk powder and infant milk formula sold in Mansoura City, Egypt. Alexandria J Vet Sci 2015;47:7177.
  • [19] Malakootian M, Golpayegani A. Determination of Pb, Cd, Al, Zn and Ca in infant formula and baby foods in Iran and estimation of daily infant intake of these metals. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2013;8;251258.
  • [20] MAFF (UK (Metals and other elements in infant foods. 1999; Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Food Surveillance Information Sheet No. 190.]. Available at: http://archive.food.gov.uk /maff/archive/ Food/infsheet/1999/no190/ 190inf.htm Accessed on Feb 08, 2024.
  • [21] Tripathi R, Raghunath R, Sastry V, Krishnamoorthy T. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. Sci Total Environ 1999;227:229235.
  • [22] Rodriguez Rodriguez E, Delgado Uretra E, Díaz Romero C. Concentrations of cadmium and lead in different types of milk. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A 1999;208:162168.
  • [23] Winiarska-Mieczan A. Assessment of infant exposure to lead and cadmium content in infant formulas. J Elementol 2009;14:573581.
  • [24] Eticha T, Afrasa M, Kahsay G, Gebretsadik H. Infant Exposure to Metals through Consumption of Formula Feeding in Mekelle, Ethiopia Int J Anal Chem 2018;2018:2985698.
  • [25] Aguzue OC, Kakulu SE, Thomas SA. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of heavy metals in selected infant formula in the Nigerian Market. Arch Appl Sci Res 2014;6:128– 132.
  • [26] Kazi TG, Jalbani N, Baig JA. Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:1425–1429.
  • [27] Odhiambo VO, Wanjau R, Odundo JO. Toxic trace elements in different brands of milk infant formulae in Nairobi market, Kenya. Afr J Food Sci 2015;9:437–440.
  • [28] Pandelova M, Lopez WL, Michalke B, Schramm KW. Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn contents in baby foods from the EU market: Comparison of assessed infant intakes with the present safety limits for minerals and trace elements,” Journal of Food Compos Anal 2012;27:120–127.
  • [29] Sipahi H, Eken A, Aydın A, ahin GS, Baydar T. Safety assessment of essential and toxic metals in infant formulas. Turk J Pediatr 2014; 56: 385–391.
  • [30] Daşbaşı T, Saçmacı S, Ülgen A, Kartal S. Determination of some metal ions in various meat and baby food samples by atomic spectrometry. Food Chem 2016;197:107113.
  • [31] Tripathi R, Raghunath R, Sastry V, Krishnamoorthy T. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. Sci Total Environ 1999;227:229235.
  • [32] Taj karimi M, Poursoltani M, Saleh Nejad H, Mottallebi A, Mahdavi H. Lead residue levels in raw milk from different regions of Iran. Food Control 2008;5:495498.
  • [33] Salah F, Esmat I, Mohamed A. Heavy metals residues and trace elements in milk powder marketed in Dakahlia Governorate. Int Food Res J 2013;20:11-25.
  • [34] Abdulkhaliq A, Swaileh K, Hussein RM, Matani M. Levels of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Fe) in cow’s milk, dairy products and hen’s eggs from the West Bank, Palestine. Inter Food Res J 2012;13:10891094.
  • [35] Pajohi-Alamoti MR, Mahmoudi R, Sari AA, Valizadeh S, Kiani R. Lead and cadmium contamination in raw milk and some of the dairy products of Hamadan province in 2013-2014. J Health 2017;8:27
  • [36] Fernandes TA, Brito JA, Gonçalves LM. Analysis of micronutrients and heavy metals in Portuguese infant milk powders by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF). Food Anal Methods 2015;8:5257.

Investigation of heavy metal concentrations and determination of estimated daily intake and health risk index infant formula and baby foods in Zahedan in 2020

Year 2024, Volume: 42 Issue: 2, 614 - 620, 30.04.2024

Abstract

Despite the importance of breastfeeding, complementary or complete feeding with infant for-mula is performed worldwide. Metal contaminants, especially lead and cadmium, have many toxic and adverse effects, especially in children. Therefore, this work was conducted to in-vestigate the levels of lead and cadmium in infant formula and baby foods. This study was performed on 18 samples of infant formula and 7 samples of baby food. Random sampling was performed among the best-selling and most consumed brands available in the Zahedan market, and elements were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy using a graphite fur-nace. Moreover, Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and health risk index (HRI) were calculated for the average of the total data. The mean concentrations of lead in infant formula and baby food samples were 14.7±0.98 and 13.77±1.51 µg/kg, respectively; lead was observed in all samples, although the difference between the amount of lead in samples no. 2 and no. 9 and its standard amount was significant (p<0.05). The average concentrations of cadmium in infant formula and baby food samples were 0.097±0.016 and 0.705±0.12 µg/kg, respectively; it was observed in 22% of infant formula samples and 57% of baby food samples, but the difference in cadmi-um concentrations in the samples was not significant compared to the standard concentration (p>0.05). The highest EDI for lead in infant formula for ages of 0 to six months was 0.22 µg/kg.day.bw. Also, the HRI for all samples was much less than one, which indicates that the ba-by’s food and infant formula are healthy in terms of daily intake of cadmium and lead. Finally, it can be concluded that the amount of cadmium and lead in the infant formula and baby food samples, according to some indicators, is less than the standard level.

References

  • REFERENCES
  • [1] De Castro S, Arruda F, Da Cunha R, SouzaDe R, Braga W, Dórea G. Toxic metals (Pb and Cd) and their respective antagonists (Ca and Zn) in infant formulas and milk marketed in Brasilia, Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2010;7:40624077. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Ikem A, Nwankwoala A, Odueyungbo S, Nyavor K, Egiebor N. Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP-OES. Food Chem 2002;77:439447. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Al Khalifa, A. S., & Ahmad, D. Determination of key elements by ICP-OES in commercially available infant formulae and baby foods in Saudi Arabia. Afr J Food Sci 2010;4:464468. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Dabeka R, Fouquet A, Belisle S, Turcotte S. Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions. Food Addit Contam 2011;28:744753. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Saracoglu S, Saygi O, Uluozlu, D, Tuzen M, Soylak M. Determination of trace element contents of baby foods from Turkey. Food Chem 2007;105:280285. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Kazi G, Jalbani N, Baig A, Afridi I, Kandhro A, Arain B, Shah Q. Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:14251429. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Walker M, known contaminants found in infant formula. Mothering 2000;100:6770.
  • [8] Golpayegani A, Khanjani N. Occupational and environmental exposure to lead in Iran: a systematic review. Health Dev J 2012;1:7489.
  • [10] Salnikow K, Zhitkovich A. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chem Res Toxicol 2007;21:28-44.
  • [11] Reeves PG, Chaney RL. Nutritional status affects the absorption and whole-body and organ retention of cadmium in rats fed rice-based diets. Environ Sci Technol 2002;36:26842692.
  • [12] Tripathi R, Raghunath R, Sastry V, Krishnamoorthy T. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. Sci Total Environ 1999;227:22935.
  • [13] Al Khalifa A, Ahmad D. Determination of key elements by ICP-OES in commercially available infant formulae and baby foods in Saudi Arabia. Afr J Food Sci 2010;4:464468.
  • [14] Salah F, Esmat I, Mohamed A. Heavy metals residues and trace elements in milk powder marketed in Dakahlia Governorate. Inter Food Res J 2013;20:1219.
  • [15] Codex General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed. CXS 193-2009. Available at: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/thematic-areas/contaminants/en/ Accessed on Feb 08, 2024.
  • [16] Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Food & Feed-Maximum limit of heavy metals. Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. 1st. ed. Iran: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; 2012.
  • [17] Elbagermi M, Alajtal A, Edwards H, Alsedawi N. Levels of major and minor elements in some commercial baby foods available in Libya. Am J Chem Appl 2017;4:110.
  • [18] Abdelkhalek A, Elsherbini M, Gunbaej E. Assessment of heavy metals residues in milk powder and infant milk formula sold in Mansoura City, Egypt. Alexandria J Vet Sci 2015;47:7177.
  • [19] Malakootian M, Golpayegani A. Determination of Pb, Cd, Al, Zn and Ca in infant formula and baby foods in Iran and estimation of daily infant intake of these metals. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2013;8;251258.
  • [20] MAFF (UK (Metals and other elements in infant foods. 1999; Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Food Surveillance Information Sheet No. 190.]. Available at: http://archive.food.gov.uk /maff/archive/ Food/infsheet/1999/no190/ 190inf.htm Accessed on Feb 08, 2024.
  • [21] Tripathi R, Raghunath R, Sastry V, Krishnamoorthy T. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. Sci Total Environ 1999;227:229235.
  • [22] Rodriguez Rodriguez E, Delgado Uretra E, Díaz Romero C. Concentrations of cadmium and lead in different types of milk. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A 1999;208:162168.
  • [23] Winiarska-Mieczan A. Assessment of infant exposure to lead and cadmium content in infant formulas. J Elementol 2009;14:573581.
  • [24] Eticha T, Afrasa M, Kahsay G, Gebretsadik H. Infant Exposure to Metals through Consumption of Formula Feeding in Mekelle, Ethiopia Int J Anal Chem 2018;2018:2985698.
  • [25] Aguzue OC, Kakulu SE, Thomas SA. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of heavy metals in selected infant formula in the Nigerian Market. Arch Appl Sci Res 2014;6:128– 132.
  • [26] Kazi TG, Jalbani N, Baig JA. Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:1425–1429.
  • [27] Odhiambo VO, Wanjau R, Odundo JO. Toxic trace elements in different brands of milk infant formulae in Nairobi market, Kenya. Afr J Food Sci 2015;9:437–440.
  • [28] Pandelova M, Lopez WL, Michalke B, Schramm KW. Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn contents in baby foods from the EU market: Comparison of assessed infant intakes with the present safety limits for minerals and trace elements,” Journal of Food Compos Anal 2012;27:120–127.
  • [29] Sipahi H, Eken A, Aydın A, ahin GS, Baydar T. Safety assessment of essential and toxic metals in infant formulas. Turk J Pediatr 2014; 56: 385–391.
  • [30] Daşbaşı T, Saçmacı S, Ülgen A, Kartal S. Determination of some metal ions in various meat and baby food samples by atomic spectrometry. Food Chem 2016;197:107113.
  • [31] Tripathi R, Raghunath R, Sastry V, Krishnamoorthy T. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. Sci Total Environ 1999;227:229235.
  • [32] Taj karimi M, Poursoltani M, Saleh Nejad H, Mottallebi A, Mahdavi H. Lead residue levels in raw milk from different regions of Iran. Food Control 2008;5:495498.
  • [33] Salah F, Esmat I, Mohamed A. Heavy metals residues and trace elements in milk powder marketed in Dakahlia Governorate. Int Food Res J 2013;20:11-25.
  • [34] Abdulkhaliq A, Swaileh K, Hussein RM, Matani M. Levels of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Fe) in cow’s milk, dairy products and hen’s eggs from the West Bank, Palestine. Inter Food Res J 2012;13:10891094.
  • [35] Pajohi-Alamoti MR, Mahmoudi R, Sari AA, Valizadeh S, Kiani R. Lead and cadmium contamination in raw milk and some of the dairy products of Hamadan province in 2013-2014. J Health 2017;8:27
  • [36] Fernandes TA, Brito JA, Gonçalves LM. Analysis of micronutrients and heavy metals in Portuguese infant milk powders by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF). Food Anal Methods 2015;8:5257.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Technical Note
Authors

Aram Dokht Khatibi This is me 0000-0002-9978-4751

Maryam Bazzi This is me 0009-0003-1519-5779

Davoud Balarak 0000-0003-3679-9726

Publication Date April 30, 2024
Submission Date February 17, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 42 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Dokht Khatibi A, Bazzi M, Balarak D. Investigation of heavy metal concentrations and determination of estimated daily intake and health risk index infant formula and baby foods in Zahedan in 2020. SIGMA. 2024;42(2):614-20.

IMPORTANT NOTE: JOURNAL SUBMISSION LINK https://eds.yildiz.edu.tr/sigma/