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Performance of SIMCON in Structural Retrofitting Under Freeze–Thaw Exposure

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 100 - 108
https://doi.org/10.51764/smutgd.1759647

Abstract

This study investigates the freeze-thaw (F-T) durability and mechanical performance of Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON) produced with two different binders, Portland cement (CEM I 42.5R) and calcium aluminate cement (CAC). SIMCON composites were fabricated by infiltrating cement pastes into randomly oriented steel wool mats, aiming for improved fiber distribution and matrix-reinforcement interaction. Specimens were subjected to 0, 15, and 30 F-T cycles and evaluated on the basis of unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), flexural strength, and compressive strength. The results showed that all properties deteriorated with increasing number of cycles; however, CAC-based composites consistently outperformed their CEM I counterparts. After 30 cycles, CAC specimens retained 54% higher compressive strength and exhibited slower deterioration rates in UPV and flexural strength. The superior performance of CAC is attributed to its denser, more stable microstructure and its improved resistance to internal cracking and moisture damage. These findings demonstrate that CAC is a promising binder for SIMCON in infrastructure and retrofit applications exposed to harsh environmental conditions where long-term durability is critical.

References

  • Balaguru, P. N., & Ramakrishnan, V. (1986). Freeze-Thaw Durability of Fiber Reinforced Concrete. 83(3). https://doi.org/10.14359/10438
  • Balamuralikrishnan, R., & Jeyasehar, C. A. (2009). Retrofitting of RC Beams with Externally Bonded Simcon Laminates. 3(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149500903010034
  • Bayasi, Z., & Zeng, J. (1997). Flexural Behavior of Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON). Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 9(4), 194–199. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1997)9:4(194)
  • Canbaz, M., & Albayrak, U. (2018). Properties of Ancient Style Handmade Clay Bricks Using Bottom Ash. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A- Applied Sciences and Engineering, 19(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.18038/aubtda.332855
  • E. Dogan, H. Hill, & N. Krstulovic-Opara. (2000). Suggested Design Guidelines for Seismic Retrofit with SIMCON and SIFCON. SP-185: High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Infrastructural Repair and Retrofit, 185, 207–248. https://doi.org/10.14359/5717
  • Fagerlund, G. (1977). The critical degree of saturation method of assessing the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete. Matériaux et Construction, 10(4), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02478693
  • J. Zeng, P. K., and Z. Bayasi. (2000). Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON) for Rehabilitation of Bridges and Pavements. ACI Symposium Publication, 185. https://doi.org/10.14359/5710
  • Jeyasehar, C. A., & Ravichandran, K. (2013). Cyclic behaviour of beam column joint retrofitted with SIMCON laminates. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 14(2), 269–288. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/299021/en
  • Li, V. C. (2003). On Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC): A Review of the Material and Its Applications. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1(3), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.1.215
  • Murakami, H., & Zeng, J. Y. (1998). Experimental and analytical study of SIMCON tension members. Mechanics of Materials, 28(1–4), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6636(97)00060-4
  • Powers, T. C. (1945). A Working Hypothesis for Further Studies of Frost Resistance of Concrete. ACI Journal Proceedings, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.14359/8684
  • Pyo, S., Wille, K., El-Tawil, S., & Naaman, A. E. (2015). Strain rate dependent properties of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) under tension. Cement and Concrete Composites, 56, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.10.002
  • Qanber, A. S. G., Yas, M. H., & Kadhum, M. M. (2023). Numerical and Experimental Behavior Analysis of Slabs Strengthened Using Steel Plates and Slurry-Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON) Laminates. Infrastructures, 8(5), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8050085
  • Scrivener, K. (2003). Calcium Aluminate Cements. In J. Newman & B. S. Choo (Eds.), Advanced Concrete Technology 1: Constituent Materials. Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-08-048998-8

Donma-Çözülme Etkisi Altında Yapısal Güçlendirme Uygulamalarında Kullanılan SIMCON'un Performansı

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 100 - 108
https://doi.org/10.51764/smutgd.1759647

Abstract

Bu çalışma, portland çimentosu (CEM I 42.5R) ve kalsiyum alüminat çimentosunu (CAC) bağlayıcı olarak kullanarak üretilen çimento bulamacı emdirilmiş ağ şeklinde lif içeren beton (SIMCON) kompozitlerinin donma-çözülme (D-Ç) dayanımı ve mekanik performansını incelemektedir. SIMCON numuneleri, kontrollü olarak hazırlanmış çimento hamurlarının rastgele yerleştirilmiş çelik lif ağlarına emdirilmesiyle üretilmiş; bu sayede daha iyi lif dağılımı ile çimento – çelik lif arasındaki bağın ve yük transferinin geliştitirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Numuneler 0, 15 ve 30 D-Ç çevrimine tabi tutulmuş ve birim hacim ağırlığı, ultrasonik geçiş hızı (UPV), eğilme dayanımı ve basınç dayanımı açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, çevrim sayısının artmasıyla tüm özelliklerde bozulma olduğunu göstermiş; ancak CAC esaslı kompozitlerin CEM I içeren muadillerine kıyasla daha iyi performans gösterdiği görülmüştür. 30 çevrim sonunda, CAC numuneleri %54 oranında daha yüksek basınç dayanımı elde etmiş ve UPV ile eğilme dayanımında daha yavaş bozulma göstermiştir. CAC’nin üstün performansı, daha yoğun ve kararlı mikro yapısına ve iç çatlaklara ve neme karşı üstün direncine atfedilmiştir. Bu bulgular, uzun ömürlü dayanımın kritik olduğu zorlu çevresel koşullara maruz altyapı ve güçlendirme uygulamalarında SIMCON için CAC’nin umut vadeden bir bağlayıcı olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Balaguru, P. N., & Ramakrishnan, V. (1986). Freeze-Thaw Durability of Fiber Reinforced Concrete. 83(3). https://doi.org/10.14359/10438
  • Balamuralikrishnan, R., & Jeyasehar, C. A. (2009). Retrofitting of RC Beams with Externally Bonded Simcon Laminates. 3(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149500903010034
  • Bayasi, Z., & Zeng, J. (1997). Flexural Behavior of Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON). Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 9(4), 194–199. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1997)9:4(194)
  • Canbaz, M., & Albayrak, U. (2018). Properties of Ancient Style Handmade Clay Bricks Using Bottom Ash. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A- Applied Sciences and Engineering, 19(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.18038/aubtda.332855
  • E. Dogan, H. Hill, & N. Krstulovic-Opara. (2000). Suggested Design Guidelines for Seismic Retrofit with SIMCON and SIFCON. SP-185: High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Infrastructural Repair and Retrofit, 185, 207–248. https://doi.org/10.14359/5717
  • Fagerlund, G. (1977). The critical degree of saturation method of assessing the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete. Matériaux et Construction, 10(4), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02478693
  • J. Zeng, P. K., and Z. Bayasi. (2000). Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON) for Rehabilitation of Bridges and Pavements. ACI Symposium Publication, 185. https://doi.org/10.14359/5710
  • Jeyasehar, C. A., & Ravichandran, K. (2013). Cyclic behaviour of beam column joint retrofitted with SIMCON laminates. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 14(2), 269–288. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/299021/en
  • Li, V. C. (2003). On Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC): A Review of the Material and Its Applications. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1(3), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.1.215
  • Murakami, H., & Zeng, J. Y. (1998). Experimental and analytical study of SIMCON tension members. Mechanics of Materials, 28(1–4), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6636(97)00060-4
  • Powers, T. C. (1945). A Working Hypothesis for Further Studies of Frost Resistance of Concrete. ACI Journal Proceedings, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.14359/8684
  • Pyo, S., Wille, K., El-Tawil, S., & Naaman, A. E. (2015). Strain rate dependent properties of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) under tension. Cement and Concrete Composites, 56, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.10.002
  • Qanber, A. S. G., Yas, M. H., & Kadhum, M. M. (2023). Numerical and Experimental Behavior Analysis of Slabs Strengthened Using Steel Plates and Slurry-Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON) Laminates. Infrastructures, 8(5), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8050085
  • Scrivener, K. (2003). Calcium Aluminate Cements. In J. Newman & B. S. Choo (Eds.), Advanced Concrete Technology 1: Constituent Materials. Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-08-048998-8
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Construction Materials
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ömer Karagöz 0000-0002-3755-8345

Serdal Ünal 0000-0002-5200-9969

Kerem Aybar 0000-0001-6347-843X

Mehmet Canbaz 0000-0002-0175-6155

Early Pub Date November 6, 2025
Publication Date November 7, 2025
Submission Date August 6, 2025
Acceptance Date September 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karagöz, Ö., Ünal, S., Aybar, K., Canbaz, M. (2025). Performance of SIMCON in Structural Retrofitting Under Freeze–Thaw Exposure. Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik Uygulamaları Ve Teknolojik Gelişmeler Dergisi, 8(2), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.51764/smutgd.1759647

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