Research Article
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GELECEĞİN İSTİHDAM GEREKSİNİMLERİNE UYUMLU NİTELİKLİ İŞGÜCÜ İHTİYACI ve BECERİ GELİŞTİRME MODELLERİ

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 245 - 257, 31.07.2024

Abstract

Sürdürülebilir dijital dönüşüm, tüm sektörleri ve yaşamın her alanını etkileyen sonuçlar yaratmaktadır. Bu dönüşüm, yeni iş alanlarının ve mesleklerinin ortaya çıkmasına yol açarken, mevcut işlerde de yeni becerilere olan ihtiyacı arttırmaktadır. Bu durum, işgücü piyasasında beceri eksikliğine neden olmakta ve sürdürülebilir bir dijital dönüşümün önündeki temel engellerden biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir dijital dönüşüm, sadece bir seçenek değil, daha yaşanabilir bir dünya için bir zorunluluktur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sürdürülebilir dijital dönüşüm sürecinde ortaya çıkacak nitelikli işgücü ihtiyacını karşılamaya yönelik istihdam temelli mesleki nitelik/beceri geliştirme modelinin kritik unsurlarını analiz etmektir. Çalışmanın kapsamı, dijital dönüşüm sürecinde artan nitelikli işgücü talebi ve beceri eksikliğini belirleyen değişkenleri içermekte ve Türkiye'deki işgücü piyasalarının nitelikli ara eleman ihtiyacı ve beceri eksikliğini değerlendirmektedir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye'nin sürdürülebilir dijital dönüşüm sürecinde ortaya çıkacak işgücü ihtiyacını karşılamak için özgün bir modelin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamak istenmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda, İsviçre Mesleki Eğitim Modelinin, işgücü piyasasının ihtiyaçlarına ayak uydurabilmesi için mesleki eğitim sistemlerinin yeniden değerlendirilmesi ve yeni yaklaşımların geliştirilmesi açısından önemli bir örnek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu modelin başarısı, işverenlerin desteği, yüksek kaliteli eğitim ve güçlü bir siyasi iradeye bağlıdır. İsviçre Model’inin sunduğu deneyim, Türkiye'nin ikiz dönüşüm sürecinde mesleki eğitimin daha etkili ve sürdürülebilir hale getirilmesi ile nitelikli işgücü ihtiyacını karşılamak için yeni bir yaklaşımın gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.

References

  • Acemoglu, D. (2002). Technical Change, Inequality, and The Labor Market, Journal of Economic Literature, 40(1):7-72.
  • Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F. ve Krueger, A. B. (1998). Computing Inequality: Have Computers Changed the Labor Market?, The Quarterly Journal of Economics: 1169-1213.
  • Bartel, A. P. ve Lichtenberg, F. R. (1987). The Comparative Advantage of Educated Workers in Implementing New Technology, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(1): 1-11.
  • Becker G. S. (1964). Human Capital, A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, Colombia University Press, New York and London.
  • Berman, E., Bound, J. ve Griliches, Z. (1994). Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor within U.S. Manufacturing: Evidence from the Annual Survey of Manufacturers, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2):367-397.
  • Billett, S. (2006). Work, Change and Workers. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Billett, S. (2011). Vocational Education: Purposes, traditions and prospects, Dord recht: Springer.
  • Billett, S. (2020). Developing a Skillful and Adaptable Workforce: Reappraising Curriculum and Pedagogies for Vocational Education, Vocational Education and Training in the Age of Digitization: Challenges and Opportunities, (Eds: E. Wuttke, J. Seifried, ve H. Niegemann), 1st Edition, 251–272.
  • Bound, J. ve Johnson, G. (1992). Changes in the Structure of Wages in the 1980's: An Evaluation of Alternative Explanations, The American Economic Review, 82(3): 371-392.
  • Burke, G. ve Shah, C. (2003). Skills shortages, measurement and implications, Monash University – ACER, Centre for the Economics of Education and Training, Working Paper No. 52.
  • European Commision (2013), Attracting Highly Qualified and Qualified, Third-Country Nationals, European Migration Network Study, Synthesis Report.
  • Fajnzylber, P. ve Fernandes, A. M. (2004). International economic activities and the demand for skilled labor: evidence from Brazil and China, Policy Research Working Paper Series, No. WPS 3426. Washington, DC: World Bank
  • Feenstra, R. C. ve Hanson, G. H. (1997). Foreign direct investment and relative wages: Evidence from Mexico’s maquiladoras, Journal of International Economics, 42(3-4): 371–393.
  • Freel, M. S. (2003). Sectoral patterns of small firms innovation, networking and proximity, Research Policy, 32: 751-770.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2006). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerden Gelişmiş Ülkelere Nitelikli İşgücü Göçü ve Politikalar –Türk Mühendislerinin “Beyin Göçü” Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş., Gökgöz, F., Sümer, H., Çalışır Y.C; Atik., U. (2019). Türkiye’de Seçili Sektörlerde Nitelikli İşgücünü Çekmeye İlişkin İhtiyaçların Değerlendirilmesi Araştırması Sonuç Raporu, Hizmete Özel.
  • Green, F., Machin, S., Wilkinson, D. (1998). The Meaning and Determinants of Skills Shortages, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 60(2): 165-187.
  • Harteis, C. (2018). Machines, change, work: An educational view on the digitalization of work, The impact of digitalization in the workplace: an educational view, (Eds: Harteis, C., Springer), Professional and Practice-based Learning, Vol. 21, 1-10.
  • Haskel, J. ve Martin, C. (2001). Technology, wages, and skill shortages: evidence from UK micro data, Oxford Economic Papers, 53: 642- 658.
  • Healy, J., Mavromaras, K., Sloane, P. J. (2015). Adjusting to skill shortages in Australian SMEs, Applied Economics, 47(24):2470-2487.
  • Hoeckel, K., Field, S. ve Grubb, W.N. (2009). Learning for Jobs. OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training, Swıtzerland. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087460-en.
  • Hoffman, N. ve Schwartz, R. (2015). Gold Standard: The Swiss Vocational Education and Training System, Washington, DC: National Center on Education and the Economy.
  • Holt, R, Sawicki, S. ve Sloan, J. (2010). A Theoretical Review of Skill Shortages and Skill Needs. Evidence, Report 20, UK Commission for Employment and Skills
  • Hur, J-J. (2003). Labor Demand in Korea. Labor in Korea: 1987-2002 series, Korean Labor Institute.
  • ILOSTAT, (2023). Statistics in Europe and Central Asia, https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/europe-and-central-asia/, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2024).
  • Kamm, C., Gomensoro, A., Heers, M. ve Brunner, S. H. (2022). Aspiring High in the Swiss VET-Dominated Education System: Second Generation Young Adults and Their Immigrant Parents, Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 75:1, 155-174, DOI: 10.1080/13636820.2022.2139746
  • Kammermann, M., Stalder, B. E. ve Hättich, A. (2011). Two-year apprenticeships – a successful model of training?, Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 63:3, 377-396, DOI: 10.1080/13636820.2011.586130
  • Kang, S. ve Hong, D-P. (2002). Technological Change and Demand for Skills in Developing Countries: An Empirical Investigation of the Republic of Korea’s Case, The Developing Economies, 40(2): 188-207.
  • Katz, L. F., ve Murphy, K. M. (1992). Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(1): 35-78
  • Keller, A., Zirkle, C. ve Barabasch, A. (2019). Focal points of VET teacher training: a comparison of VET teacher education in the USA and Switzerland, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 51:6, 843-861, DOI: 10.1080/03057925.2019.1682519
  • Kim, Y-H. (2002). A State of Art Review on the Impact of Technology on Skill Demand in OECD Countries, Journal of Education and Work, 15(1): 89-109.
  • Krusell, P., Ohanian, L. E., Rios-Rull, J-V.; Violante, G. L. (2000). Capital-Skill Comlementarity and Inequality: A Macroeconomic Analaysis, Econometrica, 68(5): 1029-1053.
  • Levanon, G., Cheng, B. ve Paterra, M. (2014). The Risk of Future Labor Shortages in Different Occupations and Industries in the United States, Business Economics, 49(4): 227-243.
  • Lewis, P. (2022). Innovation, technician skills, and vocational education and training: connecting innovation systems and vocational education and training, Journal of Vocational Education & Training, DOI: 10.1080/13636820.2023.2215749
  • Luo, C. ve Yang, J. (2023). Meeting automation challenges to labor markets: policy inspirations from the governance of Swiss VET, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, DOI: 10.1080/13511610.2023.2297350
  • Maria, E. ve Ursula, R. (2015). The Swiss vocational education and training system: What can Spain learn from Switzerland?, KOF Working Papers, No. 383, ETH Zurich, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, Zurich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010479871
  • Mason, G., Mok, P., Nunns, P., Stevens, P. ve Timmins, J. (2010). A Good Worker is Hard to Find: The determinants of skills shortages in New Zealand firms, Ministry of Economic Development, Occasional Paper.
  • Maurer, M. (2022). Governing policy expansion in a collective skill formation system: the case of vocational education and training for adults in Switzerland, International Journal of Lifelong Education, 41:2, 133-145, DOI: 10.1080/02601370.2022.2037770
  • Maurin, E. ve Thesmar, D. (2004). Changes in the Functional Structure of Firms and the Demand for Skill, Journal of Labor Economics, 22(3): 639-664.
  • Michaels, G. (2008). The Effect Of Trade On The Demand For Skill: Evidence From The Interstate Highway System., The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(4): 683–701.
  • Murphy, K. ve Welch, F. (1989). Wage Premiums for College Graduates: Recent Growth and Possible Explanations, Educational Researcher, 18(4): 17-26.
  • Nokelainen, P., Nevalinen, T. ve Niemi, K. (2018). Mind all machine? Opportunities and limits of automation, The impact of digitalisation in the workplace: An educational view, (Eds: Harteis, C. Springer.), Vol. 21, 13–24.
  • NSDC, (2022). Best Global Practices in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Retrieved from https://skillsip.nsdcindia.org/sites/default/files/kps-document/NSDC_Global_TVET_Systems%20and%20Practices_26May2020_Final%20%281%29_0.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2024).
  • OECD (2024), OECD Economic Surveys: Switzerland 2024, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/070d119b-en.
  • OPET (2009), Facts and Figures. Vocational and Professional Education and Training in Switzerland, OPET, Bern.
  • Raffe, D. (2008). The concept of transition system, Journal of Education and Work ,21, no. 4: 277–96.
  • Ruhs, M. ve Anderson, B. (2010). Who Needs Migrant Workers?: Labour Shortages, Immigration, and Public Policy, Oxford University Press.
  • Salvisberg, A. ve Sacchi, S. (2013). Labour Market Prospects of Swiss Career Entrants after Completion of Vocational Education and Training, European Societies, 16:2, 255-274, DOI: 10.1080/14616696.2013.821623
  • Sasaki, H. Ve Sakura, K. (2005). Changes In The Demand For Skilled Labor Within Japan’s Manufacturing Sector: Effects Of Skill-Biased Technological Change And Globalization, Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, No.05-E12.
  • Schnarr, A., Yang, S. ve Gleibner, K. (2008). Vocational education and training and the labour market: a comparative analysis of China and Germany, UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Germany. Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/8876808/vocational-education-and-training-and-the-labour-market/9728506/, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2024).
  • SERI, (2019). Vocational and Professional Education and Training in Switzerland. Facts and Figures 2019. Bern, CH: State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).
  • Smith, H. L. (2009). Skill Shortages, Demographic Aging, and Training Implications for Skill-Based Economies, The Professional Geographer, 61(1): 59-69.
  • Stalder, B. E. ve Lüthi, F. (2020) Job resources and career success of IVET graduates in Switzerland: a different approach to exploring the standing of VET, Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 72:2, 189-208, DOI: 10.1080/13636820.2020.1721735
  • T.C Cumhurbaşkanlığı, Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı, 11. Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023), https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2024).
  • Tan, H. Ve Batra, G. (1997). Technology and firm size wage differentials in Colombia, Mexico, and Taiwan (China), The World Bank Economic Review, 11(1): 59-83.
  • Wade, R. (2018). The Developmental State: Dead of Alive?, Development and Change, 49(2):518-546. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022: What is the future of innovation-driven growth? Geneva: WIPO. DOI 10.3

FUTURE EMPLOYMENT REQUIREMENTS AND MODELS FOR DEVELOPING VOCATIONAL SKILLS / QUALIFICATIONS

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 245 - 257, 31.07.2024

Abstract

Sustainable digital transformation create tremendous impacts that affects all sectors and all areas of life. While this transformation leads to the emergence of new job fields and professions, it also increases the need for new skills in existing jobs. This situation causes a shortage of qualified labor in the labor market and is one of the main obstacles to a sustainable digital transformation. Sustainable digital transformation is not just an option, but a necessity for a more livable world. The purpose of this study is to analyze the critical elements of an employment-based vocational qualification/skills development model to meet the need for a qualified workforce in the process of sustainable digital transformation. The scope of the study includes the variables that determine the increasing demand for skilled labor and skills shortage in the digital transformation process and assesses the need for qualified intermediate staff and skills shortage in the labor markets in Türkiye. In this context, it is also aimed to contribute to the development of a original model to meet the labor force needs that will arise in Turkey's sustainable digital transformation process. As a result of the study, it was determined that the Swiss Vocational Education Model is an important example in terms of reevaluating vocational education systems and developing new approaches in order to keep pace with the needs of the labor market. The success of this model depends on the support of employers, high quality training and a strong political will. The experiences offered by the Swiss Model emphasize the need for a new approach to make vocational training more effective and sustainable in Turkey's twin transformation process and to meet the need for a qualified workforce.

References

  • Acemoglu, D. (2002). Technical Change, Inequality, and The Labor Market, Journal of Economic Literature, 40(1):7-72.
  • Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F. ve Krueger, A. B. (1998). Computing Inequality: Have Computers Changed the Labor Market?, The Quarterly Journal of Economics: 1169-1213.
  • Bartel, A. P. ve Lichtenberg, F. R. (1987). The Comparative Advantage of Educated Workers in Implementing New Technology, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(1): 1-11.
  • Becker G. S. (1964). Human Capital, A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, Colombia University Press, New York and London.
  • Berman, E., Bound, J. ve Griliches, Z. (1994). Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor within U.S. Manufacturing: Evidence from the Annual Survey of Manufacturers, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2):367-397.
  • Billett, S. (2006). Work, Change and Workers. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Billett, S. (2011). Vocational Education: Purposes, traditions and prospects, Dord recht: Springer.
  • Billett, S. (2020). Developing a Skillful and Adaptable Workforce: Reappraising Curriculum and Pedagogies for Vocational Education, Vocational Education and Training in the Age of Digitization: Challenges and Opportunities, (Eds: E. Wuttke, J. Seifried, ve H. Niegemann), 1st Edition, 251–272.
  • Bound, J. ve Johnson, G. (1992). Changes in the Structure of Wages in the 1980's: An Evaluation of Alternative Explanations, The American Economic Review, 82(3): 371-392.
  • Burke, G. ve Shah, C. (2003). Skills shortages, measurement and implications, Monash University – ACER, Centre for the Economics of Education and Training, Working Paper No. 52.
  • European Commision (2013), Attracting Highly Qualified and Qualified, Third-Country Nationals, European Migration Network Study, Synthesis Report.
  • Fajnzylber, P. ve Fernandes, A. M. (2004). International economic activities and the demand for skilled labor: evidence from Brazil and China, Policy Research Working Paper Series, No. WPS 3426. Washington, DC: World Bank
  • Feenstra, R. C. ve Hanson, G. H. (1997). Foreign direct investment and relative wages: Evidence from Mexico’s maquiladoras, Journal of International Economics, 42(3-4): 371–393.
  • Freel, M. S. (2003). Sectoral patterns of small firms innovation, networking and proximity, Research Policy, 32: 751-770.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2006). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerden Gelişmiş Ülkelere Nitelikli İşgücü Göçü ve Politikalar –Türk Mühendislerinin “Beyin Göçü” Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş., Gökgöz, F., Sümer, H., Çalışır Y.C; Atik., U. (2019). Türkiye’de Seçili Sektörlerde Nitelikli İşgücünü Çekmeye İlişkin İhtiyaçların Değerlendirilmesi Araştırması Sonuç Raporu, Hizmete Özel.
  • Green, F., Machin, S., Wilkinson, D. (1998). The Meaning and Determinants of Skills Shortages, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 60(2): 165-187.
  • Harteis, C. (2018). Machines, change, work: An educational view on the digitalization of work, The impact of digitalization in the workplace: an educational view, (Eds: Harteis, C., Springer), Professional and Practice-based Learning, Vol. 21, 1-10.
  • Haskel, J. ve Martin, C. (2001). Technology, wages, and skill shortages: evidence from UK micro data, Oxford Economic Papers, 53: 642- 658.
  • Healy, J., Mavromaras, K., Sloane, P. J. (2015). Adjusting to skill shortages in Australian SMEs, Applied Economics, 47(24):2470-2487.
  • Hoeckel, K., Field, S. ve Grubb, W.N. (2009). Learning for Jobs. OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training, Swıtzerland. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087460-en.
  • Hoffman, N. ve Schwartz, R. (2015). Gold Standard: The Swiss Vocational Education and Training System, Washington, DC: National Center on Education and the Economy.
  • Holt, R, Sawicki, S. ve Sloan, J. (2010). A Theoretical Review of Skill Shortages and Skill Needs. Evidence, Report 20, UK Commission for Employment and Skills
  • Hur, J-J. (2003). Labor Demand in Korea. Labor in Korea: 1987-2002 series, Korean Labor Institute.
  • ILOSTAT, (2023). Statistics in Europe and Central Asia, https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/europe-and-central-asia/, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2024).
  • Kamm, C., Gomensoro, A., Heers, M. ve Brunner, S. H. (2022). Aspiring High in the Swiss VET-Dominated Education System: Second Generation Young Adults and Their Immigrant Parents, Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 75:1, 155-174, DOI: 10.1080/13636820.2022.2139746
  • Kammermann, M., Stalder, B. E. ve Hättich, A. (2011). Two-year apprenticeships – a successful model of training?, Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 63:3, 377-396, DOI: 10.1080/13636820.2011.586130
  • Kang, S. ve Hong, D-P. (2002). Technological Change and Demand for Skills in Developing Countries: An Empirical Investigation of the Republic of Korea’s Case, The Developing Economies, 40(2): 188-207.
  • Katz, L. F., ve Murphy, K. M. (1992). Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(1): 35-78
  • Keller, A., Zirkle, C. ve Barabasch, A. (2019). Focal points of VET teacher training: a comparison of VET teacher education in the USA and Switzerland, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 51:6, 843-861, DOI: 10.1080/03057925.2019.1682519
  • Kim, Y-H. (2002). A State of Art Review on the Impact of Technology on Skill Demand in OECD Countries, Journal of Education and Work, 15(1): 89-109.
  • Krusell, P., Ohanian, L. E., Rios-Rull, J-V.; Violante, G. L. (2000). Capital-Skill Comlementarity and Inequality: A Macroeconomic Analaysis, Econometrica, 68(5): 1029-1053.
  • Levanon, G., Cheng, B. ve Paterra, M. (2014). The Risk of Future Labor Shortages in Different Occupations and Industries in the United States, Business Economics, 49(4): 227-243.
  • Lewis, P. (2022). Innovation, technician skills, and vocational education and training: connecting innovation systems and vocational education and training, Journal of Vocational Education & Training, DOI: 10.1080/13636820.2023.2215749
  • Luo, C. ve Yang, J. (2023). Meeting automation challenges to labor markets: policy inspirations from the governance of Swiss VET, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, DOI: 10.1080/13511610.2023.2297350
  • Maria, E. ve Ursula, R. (2015). The Swiss vocational education and training system: What can Spain learn from Switzerland?, KOF Working Papers, No. 383, ETH Zurich, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, Zurich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010479871
  • Mason, G., Mok, P., Nunns, P., Stevens, P. ve Timmins, J. (2010). A Good Worker is Hard to Find: The determinants of skills shortages in New Zealand firms, Ministry of Economic Development, Occasional Paper.
  • Maurer, M. (2022). Governing policy expansion in a collective skill formation system: the case of vocational education and training for adults in Switzerland, International Journal of Lifelong Education, 41:2, 133-145, DOI: 10.1080/02601370.2022.2037770
  • Maurin, E. ve Thesmar, D. (2004). Changes in the Functional Structure of Firms and the Demand for Skill, Journal of Labor Economics, 22(3): 639-664.
  • Michaels, G. (2008). The Effect Of Trade On The Demand For Skill: Evidence From The Interstate Highway System., The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(4): 683–701.
  • Murphy, K. ve Welch, F. (1989). Wage Premiums for College Graduates: Recent Growth and Possible Explanations, Educational Researcher, 18(4): 17-26.
  • Nokelainen, P., Nevalinen, T. ve Niemi, K. (2018). Mind all machine? Opportunities and limits of automation, The impact of digitalisation in the workplace: An educational view, (Eds: Harteis, C. Springer.), Vol. 21, 13–24.
  • NSDC, (2022). Best Global Practices in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Retrieved from https://skillsip.nsdcindia.org/sites/default/files/kps-document/NSDC_Global_TVET_Systems%20and%20Practices_26May2020_Final%20%281%29_0.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2024).
  • OECD (2024), OECD Economic Surveys: Switzerland 2024, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/070d119b-en.
  • OPET (2009), Facts and Figures. Vocational and Professional Education and Training in Switzerland, OPET, Bern.
  • Raffe, D. (2008). The concept of transition system, Journal of Education and Work ,21, no. 4: 277–96.
  • Ruhs, M. ve Anderson, B. (2010). Who Needs Migrant Workers?: Labour Shortages, Immigration, and Public Policy, Oxford University Press.
  • Salvisberg, A. ve Sacchi, S. (2013). Labour Market Prospects of Swiss Career Entrants after Completion of Vocational Education and Training, European Societies, 16:2, 255-274, DOI: 10.1080/14616696.2013.821623
  • Sasaki, H. Ve Sakura, K. (2005). Changes In The Demand For Skilled Labor Within Japan’s Manufacturing Sector: Effects Of Skill-Biased Technological Change And Globalization, Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, No.05-E12.
  • Schnarr, A., Yang, S. ve Gleibner, K. (2008). Vocational education and training and the labour market: a comparative analysis of China and Germany, UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Germany. Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/8876808/vocational-education-and-training-and-the-labour-market/9728506/, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2024).
  • SERI, (2019). Vocational and Professional Education and Training in Switzerland. Facts and Figures 2019. Bern, CH: State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).
  • Smith, H. L. (2009). Skill Shortages, Demographic Aging, and Training Implications for Skill-Based Economies, The Professional Geographer, 61(1): 59-69.
  • Stalder, B. E. ve Lüthi, F. (2020) Job resources and career success of IVET graduates in Switzerland: a different approach to exploring the standing of VET, Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 72:2, 189-208, DOI: 10.1080/13636820.2020.1721735
  • T.C Cumhurbaşkanlığı, Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı, 11. Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023), https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2024).
  • Tan, H. Ve Batra, G. (1997). Technology and firm size wage differentials in Colombia, Mexico, and Taiwan (China), The World Bank Economic Review, 11(1): 59-83.
  • Wade, R. (2018). The Developmental State: Dead of Alive?, Development and Change, 49(2):518-546. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022: What is the future of innovation-driven growth? Geneva: WIPO. DOI 10.3
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şenay Gökbayrak 0000-0002-3833-7034

Yusuf Can Çalışır 0000-0001-5715-7269

Publication Date July 31, 2024
Submission Date May 16, 2024
Acceptance Date July 10, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gökbayrak, Ş., & Çalışır, Y. C. (2024). GELECEĞİN İSTİHDAM GEREKSİNİMLERİNE UYUMLU NİTELİKLİ İŞGÜCÜ İHTİYACI ve BECERİ GELİŞTİRME MODELLERİ. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 245-257.