Research Article
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Field scale variability in soil properties and silage corn yield

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 27 - 34, 27.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.21657/soilst.1143238

Abstract

Field scale spatial variability of soil properties, crop quality parameters and yield are needed to evaluate the efficiency of management practices in crop production. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of field variability in soil properties, silage yield of corn (Zea mays L.) varieties, and to characterize their spatial structures, and map the stated attributes. The experiment was conducted in an alluvial flood plain of lower Kazova watershed in Tokat province of Turkey. Several physical and chemical soil properties and silage corn yield were determined. Coefficient of variation (CV%) varied from 1.0% (pH) to 38.1% (P2O5) in herbicide not applied plots and from 0.9% (pH) to exchangeable Na (55.1%) in herbicide applied plots. Calcium carbonate, organic matter and clay displayed well defined spatial structure. Sand, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) showed moderate spatial dependency. However, silt, moisture content, bulk density, plant available phosphorus and potassium had weak spatial structure. Silage corn yield distribution map successfully distinguished the three corn hybrids planted. The difference in vegetation period among three corn hybrids was effective in distinguishing the location of hybrids within the field. However, the variability in each of the hybrids blocks was assumed to occur due to the difference in short range soil properties. The longest range values were obtained for silage corn yield at both herbicide applied and herbicide unapplied plots.

References

  • Al Tawaha M. A. R, Günal, E., Çelik, İ., Günal, H., Sürücü, A., Al-Tawaha, A. R., Aleksanyan, A., Thangadurai, D., & Sangeetha, J. (2022). Organic Farming Improves Soil Health Sustainability and Crop Productivity. Chapter 9. In. Organic Farming for Sustainable Development. CRC Press Taylor and Francis. pp. 207-237. E-Book ISBN: 9781003284055.
  • Al-Gaadi, K. A., Hassaballa, A. A., Tola, E., Kayad, A. G., Madugundu, R., Assiri, F., & Alblewi, B. (2018). Characterization of the spatial variability of surface topography and moisture content and its influence on potato crop yield. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 39(23), 8572-8590. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1488290
  • Allison, L. E., & Moodie C. D. (1965). Carbonate. in: C.A. Black et al (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Agronomy pp. 1379-1400. ASA., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c40
  • Anonymous, (2006). Phyto seed catalog. Antalya. https://www.semillasfito.com.tr/
  • Anonymous, (2022). General Directorate of Meteorology, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=TOKAT. Accessed in April 7, 2022.
  • Atreya, K., Sharma S., Bajracharya, R. M., & Rajbhandari, N. P. (2008). Developing a sustainable agro-system for central Nepal using reduced tillage and straw mulching. Journal of Environmental Management, 88(3), 547–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.017
  • Aubert, M., Baghdadi N., Zribi, M., Douaoui A., Loumagne C., Baup F., El Hajj M., & Garrigues S. (2011). Analysis of Terra SAR-X data sensitivity to bare soil moisture, roughness, composition and soil crust. Remote Sensing Environment, 115(8), 18011810. .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.021
  • Barton, A. P., Fullen, M. A., Mitchell, D. J., Hocking, T. J., Liu, L.., Bo, Z. W., Zheng, Y., & Xia, Z. Y. (2004). Effects of soil conservation measures on erosion rates and crop productivity on subtropical Ultisols in Yunnan Province, China agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 104, 343-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.034
  • Blake, G. R., & Hartge, K. H. (1986). Bulk density. In: Klute A ed. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods.2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph, No. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. pp. 363-375. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13
  • Bogunovic, I., Trevisani S., Seput, M., Juzbasic, D., &. Durdevic, B. (2017). Short-range and regional spatial variability of soil chemical properties in an agro-ecosystem in Eastern Croatia. Catena 154, 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.02.018
  • Bremner, J. M. (1965) Total nitrojen In C.A. Black et al.(ed.) Methods of soil Analisys Part 2. Agronomy 9, 1149-1178. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc Madison, Wisconsin, USA https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c32
  • Camberdella C. A., Moorman, T. B., Novak, J. M., Parkin, T. B., Karlen, D. L., Turco, R. F., & Konopka, A. E. (1994). Field Scale Variability Soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58, 1501-1511. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800050033x
  • Gee G. W., & Bouder J. W. (1986). Particle size analysis. In: A. Clute (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I. Agronomy No. 9.Am. Soc. of Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15
  • Goulding, K. W. T. (2016). Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom. Soil Use and Management, 32(3), 390-399. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12270
  • Günal, E. (2021). Delineating reclamation zones for site-specific reclamation of saline-sodic soils in Dushak, Turkmenistan. Plos one, 16(8), e0256355. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256355
  • Günal, H., Acir, N., & Budak, M. (2012). Heavy metal variability of a native saline pasture in arid regions of Central Anatolia. Carpathian J. of Earth and Environ.Sci., 7(2), 183-193. http://www.cjees.ro/viewTopic.php?topicId=228
  • Hausherr Lüder, R. M., Qin, R., Richner, W., Stamp, P., & Noulas, C. (2018). Spatial variability of selected soil properties and its impact on the grain yield of oats (Avena sativa L.) in small fields. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(19), 2446-2469. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1527935
  • Hausherr Lüder, R. M., Qin, R., Richner, W., Stamp, P., Streit, B., & Noulas, C. (2019). Effect of tillage systems on spatial variation in soil chemical properties and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) performance in small fields. Agronomy, 9(4), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040182
  • Kaur, S., Kaur, R., & Chauhan, B. S. (2018). Understanding crop-weed-fertilizer-water interactions and their implications for weed management in agricultural systems. Crop Protection, 103, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.09.011
  • Kayad, A., Sozzi, M., Gatto, S., Marinello, F., & Pirotti, F. (2019). Monitoring within-field variability of corn yield using Sentinel-2 and machine learning techniques. Remote Sensing, 11(23), 2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232873
  • Leroux, C., & Tisseyre, B. (2019). How to measure and report within-field variability: a review of common indicators and their sensitivity. Precision Agriculture, 20(3), 562-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-018-9598-x
  • Li, X. F., Chen, Z. B., Chen, H. B., & Chen, Z. Q. (2011) Spatial distribution of soil nutrients and their response to land use in eroded area of South China. Proc Environ Sci., 10, 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.004
  • Maestrini, B., & Basso, B. (2018). Predicting spatial patterns of within-field crop yield variability. Field Crops Research, 219, 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.01.028
  • Nelson, D. A., & Sommers, L. (1983). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 539-579. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c29
  • Olsen, S. R. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (No. 939). US Department of Agriculture. https://ia903207.us.archive.org/21/items/estimationofavai939olse/estimationofavai939olse.pdf
  • Piotrowska-Długosz, A., Lemanowicz, J., Długosz, J., Spychaj-Fabisiak, E., Gozdowski, D., & Rybacki, M. (2016). Spatio-temporal variations of soil properties in a plot scale: a case study of soil phosphorus forms and related enzymes. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16(1), (62-76). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1180-9.
  • Qiu, W., Curtin, D., Johnstone, P., Beare, M., & Hernandez-Ramirez, G. (2016). Small-scale spatial variability of plant nutrients and soil organic matter: An arable cropping case study. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47, 2189–2199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1228945.
  • Rhoades, J. D. (1982). Soluble Salts. In A.L. Page, R.H. Miller and D. R. Keeney (eds.) Methods of Soil Analyses. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd ed. Agronomy, pp. 167-179. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c10.
  • Roy, T., & George K, J. (2020). Precision farming: A step towards sustainable, climate-smart agriculture. In Global Climate Change: Resilient and Smart Agriculture, pp. 199-220. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9856-9_10.
  • Soil Survey Staff, (1999). Soil Taxonomy. A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, 2nd edition. Agricultural Handbook 436 p, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Washington DC, USA, pp. 869. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_051232.pdf.
  • Surucu, A., Günal, H., & Acir, N. (2013). Importance of Spatial Distribution in Reclamation of Boron Toxic Soils From Central Anatolia of Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22(11), 3111-3122.
  • Sylvester‐Bradley, R., Lord, E., Sparkes, D. L., Scott, R. K., Wiltshire, J. J. J., Orson, J. (1999). An analysis of the potential of precision farming in Northern Europe. Soil use and management, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1999.tb00054.x.
  • Tagarakis, A. C., Ketterings, Q. M. (2018). Proximal sensor-based algorithm for variable rate nitrogen application in maize in northeast U.S.A. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 145, 373–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.12.031.
  • Thomas, G.W., (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, (ed) 2nd edition. SSSA Inc. Publisher, Madison, Wisconsin pp. 159-164. Trangmar, B. B., Yost, R. S., & Uehara, G. (1986). Application of geostatistics to spatial studies of soil properties. Advances in agronomy, 38, 45-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60673-2.
  • Wilding, L. P. (1985). Spatial variability: Its documentation accommodation and implication to soil surveys In: Soil spatial variability (Nielsen DR, Bouma J eds,) Pudoc Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 166–194.
  • Yang, C., Everitt, J. H., & Bradford, J. M. (2001). Comparisons of uniform and variable rate nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer applications for grain sorghum. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 44(2), 201. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.4676.
  • Yang, M., Fu, Y., Li, G., Ren, Y., Li, Z., & Ma, G. (2020). Microcharacteristics of soil pores after raindrop action. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 84(5), 1693-1704. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20113.
Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 27 - 34, 27.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.21657/soilst.1143238

Abstract

References

  • Al Tawaha M. A. R, Günal, E., Çelik, İ., Günal, H., Sürücü, A., Al-Tawaha, A. R., Aleksanyan, A., Thangadurai, D., & Sangeetha, J. (2022). Organic Farming Improves Soil Health Sustainability and Crop Productivity. Chapter 9. In. Organic Farming for Sustainable Development. CRC Press Taylor and Francis. pp. 207-237. E-Book ISBN: 9781003284055.
  • Al-Gaadi, K. A., Hassaballa, A. A., Tola, E., Kayad, A. G., Madugundu, R., Assiri, F., & Alblewi, B. (2018). Characterization of the spatial variability of surface topography and moisture content and its influence on potato crop yield. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 39(23), 8572-8590. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1488290
  • Allison, L. E., & Moodie C. D. (1965). Carbonate. in: C.A. Black et al (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Agronomy pp. 1379-1400. ASA., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c40
  • Anonymous, (2006). Phyto seed catalog. Antalya. https://www.semillasfito.com.tr/
  • Anonymous, (2022). General Directorate of Meteorology, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=TOKAT. Accessed in April 7, 2022.
  • Atreya, K., Sharma S., Bajracharya, R. M., & Rajbhandari, N. P. (2008). Developing a sustainable agro-system for central Nepal using reduced tillage and straw mulching. Journal of Environmental Management, 88(3), 547–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.017
  • Aubert, M., Baghdadi N., Zribi, M., Douaoui A., Loumagne C., Baup F., El Hajj M., & Garrigues S. (2011). Analysis of Terra SAR-X data sensitivity to bare soil moisture, roughness, composition and soil crust. Remote Sensing Environment, 115(8), 18011810. .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.021
  • Barton, A. P., Fullen, M. A., Mitchell, D. J., Hocking, T. J., Liu, L.., Bo, Z. W., Zheng, Y., & Xia, Z. Y. (2004). Effects of soil conservation measures on erosion rates and crop productivity on subtropical Ultisols in Yunnan Province, China agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 104, 343-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.034
  • Blake, G. R., & Hartge, K. H. (1986). Bulk density. In: Klute A ed. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods.2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph, No. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. pp. 363-375. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13
  • Bogunovic, I., Trevisani S., Seput, M., Juzbasic, D., &. Durdevic, B. (2017). Short-range and regional spatial variability of soil chemical properties in an agro-ecosystem in Eastern Croatia. Catena 154, 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.02.018
  • Bremner, J. M. (1965) Total nitrojen In C.A. Black et al.(ed.) Methods of soil Analisys Part 2. Agronomy 9, 1149-1178. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc Madison, Wisconsin, USA https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c32
  • Camberdella C. A., Moorman, T. B., Novak, J. M., Parkin, T. B., Karlen, D. L., Turco, R. F., & Konopka, A. E. (1994). Field Scale Variability Soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58, 1501-1511. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800050033x
  • Gee G. W., & Bouder J. W. (1986). Particle size analysis. In: A. Clute (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I. Agronomy No. 9.Am. Soc. of Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15
  • Goulding, K. W. T. (2016). Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom. Soil Use and Management, 32(3), 390-399. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12270
  • Günal, E. (2021). Delineating reclamation zones for site-specific reclamation of saline-sodic soils in Dushak, Turkmenistan. Plos one, 16(8), e0256355. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256355
  • Günal, H., Acir, N., & Budak, M. (2012). Heavy metal variability of a native saline pasture in arid regions of Central Anatolia. Carpathian J. of Earth and Environ.Sci., 7(2), 183-193. http://www.cjees.ro/viewTopic.php?topicId=228
  • Hausherr Lüder, R. M., Qin, R., Richner, W., Stamp, P., & Noulas, C. (2018). Spatial variability of selected soil properties and its impact on the grain yield of oats (Avena sativa L.) in small fields. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(19), 2446-2469. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1527935
  • Hausherr Lüder, R. M., Qin, R., Richner, W., Stamp, P., Streit, B., & Noulas, C. (2019). Effect of tillage systems on spatial variation in soil chemical properties and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) performance in small fields. Agronomy, 9(4), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040182
  • Kaur, S., Kaur, R., & Chauhan, B. S. (2018). Understanding crop-weed-fertilizer-water interactions and their implications for weed management in agricultural systems. Crop Protection, 103, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.09.011
  • Kayad, A., Sozzi, M., Gatto, S., Marinello, F., & Pirotti, F. (2019). Monitoring within-field variability of corn yield using Sentinel-2 and machine learning techniques. Remote Sensing, 11(23), 2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232873
  • Leroux, C., & Tisseyre, B. (2019). How to measure and report within-field variability: a review of common indicators and their sensitivity. Precision Agriculture, 20(3), 562-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-018-9598-x
  • Li, X. F., Chen, Z. B., Chen, H. B., & Chen, Z. Q. (2011) Spatial distribution of soil nutrients and their response to land use in eroded area of South China. Proc Environ Sci., 10, 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.004
  • Maestrini, B., & Basso, B. (2018). Predicting spatial patterns of within-field crop yield variability. Field Crops Research, 219, 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.01.028
  • Nelson, D. A., & Sommers, L. (1983). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 539-579. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c29
  • Olsen, S. R. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (No. 939). US Department of Agriculture. https://ia903207.us.archive.org/21/items/estimationofavai939olse/estimationofavai939olse.pdf
  • Piotrowska-Długosz, A., Lemanowicz, J., Długosz, J., Spychaj-Fabisiak, E., Gozdowski, D., & Rybacki, M. (2016). Spatio-temporal variations of soil properties in a plot scale: a case study of soil phosphorus forms and related enzymes. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16(1), (62-76). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1180-9.
  • Qiu, W., Curtin, D., Johnstone, P., Beare, M., & Hernandez-Ramirez, G. (2016). Small-scale spatial variability of plant nutrients and soil organic matter: An arable cropping case study. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47, 2189–2199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1228945.
  • Rhoades, J. D. (1982). Soluble Salts. In A.L. Page, R.H. Miller and D. R. Keeney (eds.) Methods of Soil Analyses. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd ed. Agronomy, pp. 167-179. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c10.
  • Roy, T., & George K, J. (2020). Precision farming: A step towards sustainable, climate-smart agriculture. In Global Climate Change: Resilient and Smart Agriculture, pp. 199-220. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9856-9_10.
  • Soil Survey Staff, (1999). Soil Taxonomy. A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, 2nd edition. Agricultural Handbook 436 p, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Washington DC, USA, pp. 869. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_051232.pdf.
  • Surucu, A., Günal, H., & Acir, N. (2013). Importance of Spatial Distribution in Reclamation of Boron Toxic Soils From Central Anatolia of Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22(11), 3111-3122.
  • Sylvester‐Bradley, R., Lord, E., Sparkes, D. L., Scott, R. K., Wiltshire, J. J. J., Orson, J. (1999). An analysis of the potential of precision farming in Northern Europe. Soil use and management, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1999.tb00054.x.
  • Tagarakis, A. C., Ketterings, Q. M. (2018). Proximal sensor-based algorithm for variable rate nitrogen application in maize in northeast U.S.A. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 145, 373–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.12.031.
  • Thomas, G.W., (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, (ed) 2nd edition. SSSA Inc. Publisher, Madison, Wisconsin pp. 159-164. Trangmar, B. B., Yost, R. S., & Uehara, G. (1986). Application of geostatistics to spatial studies of soil properties. Advances in agronomy, 38, 45-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60673-2.
  • Wilding, L. P. (1985). Spatial variability: Its documentation accommodation and implication to soil surveys In: Soil spatial variability (Nielsen DR, Bouma J eds,) Pudoc Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 166–194.
  • Yang, C., Everitt, J. H., & Bradford, J. M. (2001). Comparisons of uniform and variable rate nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer applications for grain sorghum. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 44(2), 201. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.4676.
  • Yang, M., Fu, Y., Li, G., Ren, Y., Li, Z., & Ma, G. (2020). Microcharacteristics of soil pores after raindrop action. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 84(5), 1693-1704. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20113.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Murat Birol This is me 0000-0003-1947-3193

Hikmet Günal This is me 0000-0002-4648-2645

Publication Date July 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Birol, M., & Günal, H. (2022). Field scale variability in soil properties and silage corn yield. Soil Studies, 11(1), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.21657/soilst.1143238