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KARANLIK GEÇMİŞTEN KARANLIK MİRASA: YASSIADA VE ROBBEN ADASI’NDA HAFIZA MEKÂNLARININ İNŞASI

Year 2022, , 169 - 187, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.1111344

Abstract

Bu çalışma Demokrasi ve Özgürlükler Adası olarak düzenlenen Yassıada ile UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi’nde bulunan Güney Afrika’daki Robben Adası’nın hafıza mekânları olarak nasıl kurgulandıklarını karanlık miras konusu bağlamında tartışmaktadır. Farklı coğrafyalarda kendilerine özgü tarihsel, politik ve toplumsal geçmişe sahip ve tarihsel olarak cezalandırma, tecrit etme, acı çekme ve ölümle özdeş düşünülen bu iki mekânın yaşadığı dönüşüm dikkate değerdir. Adaların benzer ve/veya farklı temalar ekseninde hem maddi hem de maddi olmayan müdahalelerle yeniden düzenlenmesi ve ziyarete açılması incelenmektedir. Bu bağlamda ulus-devletlerin karanlık geçmişleriyle yüzleştikleri yerlerden biri olarak inşa edilen hafıza mekânlarının politik amaçlar doğrultusunda toplumsal belleğe nasıl eklemlenmeye çalıştığı sorunsallaştırılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda karanlık miras yönetimi ile hafıza mekânlarının ticari kaygılar güden turizm merkezleri olarak sunulması arasındaki ilişki ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışma ayrıca hafıza mekânlarının karanlık mirasın sergilendiği ve belli söylemlerle desteklendiği alanlar olarak farklı toplumsal aktörlerin hak ve katılım taleplerini ne kadar gözettiğini sorgulamaktadır.

References

  • Adalar Savunması. (2016). Bir doğa, tarih ve kültür katliamı: Yassıada ve Sivriada. 3 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde http://dokuzadabirdenizcom/YassıadaRaporuMayıs2016low.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Alderman, D.H. (2008). Place, naming and the interpretation of cultural landscapes. Brian Graham ve Peter Howard (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to heritage and identity içinde (s. 195-213). Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Ashworth, G.J. (2004). Tourism and the heritage of atrocity: managing the heritage of South African Apartheid for entertainment. Tej Vir Singh (Ed.), New horizons in tourism: strange experiences and stranger practices içinde (s.95-108). Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing.
  • Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. London: Sage.
  • Biran, A., Poria, Y., & Oren, G. (2011). Sought experiences at (dark) heritage sites. Annals of tourism research, 38 (3), 820-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.001.
  • Björkdahl, A., & Kappler, S. (2019). The creation of transnational memory spaces: proffessionalization and commercialization. International journal of politics, culture, and society. 32, 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-019-09334-7.
  • Blom, T. (2000). Morbid tourism: A postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift- Norwegian journal of geography, 54 (1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/002919500423564.
  • Corsane, G. (2006). Using ecomuseum indicators to evaluate the Robben Island Museum and world heritage site. Landscape research, 31(4), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390601004400.
  • Dunkley, R., Morgan, N., & Westwood, S. (2011). Visiting the trenches: Exploring meanings and motivations in battlefield tourism. Tourism management, 32(4), 860-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.07.011.
  • Dwyer O., J., & Alderman, D. (2008). Civil rights memorials and the geography of memory. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Foley, M., & Lennon, J.J. (1996). JFK and Dark Tourism: A fascination with assassination. Journal of international heritage studies, 2(4), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722175.
  • Günay, Z. (2016). Miraslaştırarak anma ve karartarak pazarlama üzerine. Mimar.ist, 56, 44-48. 5 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde http://www.mimarist.org/mimar-ist-sayi-56-yaz-2016/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory, (Çev. Lewis A. Coser). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Halbwachs, M. (2017). Kolektif hafıza. (Çev. Banu Barış). Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2006). Giriş. Eric Hobsbawm ve Terence Ranger (Ed.), Geleneğin icadı. (Çev. Mehmet Murat Şahin). İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Lennon, J., & Foley, M. (2000). Dark tourism: The attraction of death and disaster. London: Continuum.
  • Light, D. (2015). Heritage and tourism. Emma Waterton ve Steve Watson (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of contemporary heritage research içinde (s.144-158). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Light, D. (2017). Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research: An uneasy relationship with heritage tourism. Tourism management, 61, 275-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.01.011.
  • Liyanage, S., Coca-Stefaniak, A., & Powell, R. (2015). Dark destinations-visitor reflections from a Holocaust memorial site. International journal of tourism cities, 1(4), 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2015-0019.
  • Marback, R. (2004). The rhetorical space of Robben Island. Rhetoric society quarterly, 34 (2), 7-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40232409.
  • McDowell, S. (2008). Heritage, memory and identity. Brian Graham and Peter Howard (Ed.) The Ashgate research companion to heritage and identity içinde (s.37-53). Farnham: Ashgate.
  • McKercher, B., Ho, P., & du Cros, H. (2005). Relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management: evidence from Hong Kong. Tourism management, 26(4), 539-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.02.018.
  • Merrill, S., & Schmidt, L. (2010). A Reader in uncomfortable heritage and dark tourism. Brandenburg Germany: Architectural Conservation Department of Brandenburgische Technische Universitat Cottbus.
  • Merrill, S. (2010). War, terrorism& disaster beneath: The London Underground as a traumascape. Sam Merrill ve Leo Schmidt (Ed.), A Reader in uncomfortable heritage and dark tourism içinde (s.59-72). Brandenburg Germany: Architectural Conservation Department of Brandenburgische Technische Universitat Cottbus.
  • Mistzal, B. (2003). Theories of social remembering. Maidenhead; Philadelphia: Open University Press.
  • Mitchell, D. (2000). Cultural geography: A critical introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Naef, P. (2019). Memorial entrepreneurs in post-conflict tourism. Rami K. Isaac, Erdinç Çakmak ve Richard Butler (Ed.) Tourism and hospitality in conflict-ridden destinations. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:115242.
  • Naidu, M. (2013). Anthropology of experience: touring the past at Robben Island. Journal of human ecology, 43(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2013.11906611.
  • Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: les lieux de mémoire. Representations, 26, 7–25.
  • Nora, P. (2006). Hafıza mekânları. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Poria, Y., & Ashworth, G. (2009). Heritage tourism- current resource for conflict. Annals of tourism research, 36(3), 522-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.03.003.
  • Riouful, V. (2000). Behind telling: Post-Apartheid representations of Robben Island’s past. Kronos, 26, 22-41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41056408.
  • Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of escape: Modern transformations in leisure and travel. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • Sather-Wagstaff, J. (2015). Heritage and memory. Emma Waterton ve Steve Watson (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of contemporary heritage research içinde (s.191-204). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Seaton, A.V. (1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism. International journal of heritage studies, 2 (4), 234-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722178.
  • Seaton, T. (2018). Encountering engineered and orchestrated remembrance: A situational model of dark tourism and its history. Philip R. Stone, Rudi Hartmann, Tony Seaton, Richard Sharpley ve Leanne White (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of dark tourism studies içinde (s. 9-31). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Shearing, C., & Kempa, M. (2004). A museum of hope: A story of Robben Island. The ANNALS of the American academy of political and social science, 592 (1), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203261919.
  • Skinner, J. (2018). “The smoke of an eruption and the dust of an earthquake”: Dark tourism, the sublime, and the re-animation of the disaster location. Philip R. Stone, Rudi Hartmann, Tony Seaton, Richard Sharpley ve Leanne White (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of dark tourism studies içinde (s. 125-150). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Smith, N., & Croy, W.G. (2005). Presentation of dark tourism: Te Wairoa, The buried billage. Chris Ryan, Stephen J. Page ve Michelle Aicken (Ed.), Taking tourism to the limits: issues, concepts and managerial perspectives içinde (s.199-213). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. Norman K. Denzin ve Yvonna S. Lincoln (Ed.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research third edition içinde (s.443-466). London: Sage.
  • Stone, P., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of tourism research, 35(2), 574-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.003.
  • Strange, C., & Kempa, M. (2003). Shades of dark tourism: Alcatraz and Robben Island. Annals of tourism research, 30(2), 386-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00102-0.
  • Tilley, C. (2006). Introduction: identity, place, landscape and heritage. Journal of material culture, 11 (1/2), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183506062990.
  • Tunbridge, J. E., & Ashworth, G. J. (1996). Dissonant heritage: The management of the past as a resource in conflict. Chichester, UK: John Wiley &Sons.
  • Tunçel, A. (2017). Tarihi yazmak: Unutturmak ya da unutturmamak. Tahire Erman ve Serpil Özaloğlu (Ed.), Bir varmış bir yokmuş: Toplumsal bellek, mekân ve kimlik üzerine araştırmalar içinde (s. 22-25). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı (2019). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: “Artık bu ülkede darbeler devri kapanmıştır”. 1 Haziran 2019 tarihinde https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/haberler/detay/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-artik-bu-ulkede-darbeler-devri-kapanmistir adresinden erişildi.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Robben Island. 9 Şubat 2022 tarihinde https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/916/ adresinden erişildi.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2015). Operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. 9 Şubat 2022 tarihinde http://whc.unesco.org/document/137843 adresinden erişildi.
  • Zerubavel, E. (1996). Social memories: Steps to a sociology of the past. Qualitative sociology, 19(3), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02393273.
Year 2022, , 169 - 187, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.1111344

Abstract

References

  • Adalar Savunması. (2016). Bir doğa, tarih ve kültür katliamı: Yassıada ve Sivriada. 3 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde http://dokuzadabirdenizcom/YassıadaRaporuMayıs2016low.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Alderman, D.H. (2008). Place, naming and the interpretation of cultural landscapes. Brian Graham ve Peter Howard (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to heritage and identity içinde (s. 195-213). Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Ashworth, G.J. (2004). Tourism and the heritage of atrocity: managing the heritage of South African Apartheid for entertainment. Tej Vir Singh (Ed.), New horizons in tourism: strange experiences and stranger practices içinde (s.95-108). Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing.
  • Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. London: Sage.
  • Biran, A., Poria, Y., & Oren, G. (2011). Sought experiences at (dark) heritage sites. Annals of tourism research, 38 (3), 820-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.001.
  • Björkdahl, A., & Kappler, S. (2019). The creation of transnational memory spaces: proffessionalization and commercialization. International journal of politics, culture, and society. 32, 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-019-09334-7.
  • Blom, T. (2000). Morbid tourism: A postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift- Norwegian journal of geography, 54 (1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/002919500423564.
  • Corsane, G. (2006). Using ecomuseum indicators to evaluate the Robben Island Museum and world heritage site. Landscape research, 31(4), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390601004400.
  • Dunkley, R., Morgan, N., & Westwood, S. (2011). Visiting the trenches: Exploring meanings and motivations in battlefield tourism. Tourism management, 32(4), 860-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.07.011.
  • Dwyer O., J., & Alderman, D. (2008). Civil rights memorials and the geography of memory. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Foley, M., & Lennon, J.J. (1996). JFK and Dark Tourism: A fascination with assassination. Journal of international heritage studies, 2(4), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722175.
  • Günay, Z. (2016). Miraslaştırarak anma ve karartarak pazarlama üzerine. Mimar.ist, 56, 44-48. 5 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde http://www.mimarist.org/mimar-ist-sayi-56-yaz-2016/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory, (Çev. Lewis A. Coser). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Halbwachs, M. (2017). Kolektif hafıza. (Çev. Banu Barış). Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2006). Giriş. Eric Hobsbawm ve Terence Ranger (Ed.), Geleneğin icadı. (Çev. Mehmet Murat Şahin). İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Lennon, J., & Foley, M. (2000). Dark tourism: The attraction of death and disaster. London: Continuum.
  • Light, D. (2015). Heritage and tourism. Emma Waterton ve Steve Watson (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of contemporary heritage research içinde (s.144-158). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Light, D. (2017). Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research: An uneasy relationship with heritage tourism. Tourism management, 61, 275-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.01.011.
  • Liyanage, S., Coca-Stefaniak, A., & Powell, R. (2015). Dark destinations-visitor reflections from a Holocaust memorial site. International journal of tourism cities, 1(4), 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2015-0019.
  • Marback, R. (2004). The rhetorical space of Robben Island. Rhetoric society quarterly, 34 (2), 7-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40232409.
  • McDowell, S. (2008). Heritage, memory and identity. Brian Graham and Peter Howard (Ed.) The Ashgate research companion to heritage and identity içinde (s.37-53). Farnham: Ashgate.
  • McKercher, B., Ho, P., & du Cros, H. (2005). Relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management: evidence from Hong Kong. Tourism management, 26(4), 539-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.02.018.
  • Merrill, S., & Schmidt, L. (2010). A Reader in uncomfortable heritage and dark tourism. Brandenburg Germany: Architectural Conservation Department of Brandenburgische Technische Universitat Cottbus.
  • Merrill, S. (2010). War, terrorism& disaster beneath: The London Underground as a traumascape. Sam Merrill ve Leo Schmidt (Ed.), A Reader in uncomfortable heritage and dark tourism içinde (s.59-72). Brandenburg Germany: Architectural Conservation Department of Brandenburgische Technische Universitat Cottbus.
  • Mistzal, B. (2003). Theories of social remembering. Maidenhead; Philadelphia: Open University Press.
  • Mitchell, D. (2000). Cultural geography: A critical introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Naef, P. (2019). Memorial entrepreneurs in post-conflict tourism. Rami K. Isaac, Erdinç Çakmak ve Richard Butler (Ed.) Tourism and hospitality in conflict-ridden destinations. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:115242.
  • Naidu, M. (2013). Anthropology of experience: touring the past at Robben Island. Journal of human ecology, 43(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2013.11906611.
  • Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: les lieux de mémoire. Representations, 26, 7–25.
  • Nora, P. (2006). Hafıza mekânları. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Poria, Y., & Ashworth, G. (2009). Heritage tourism- current resource for conflict. Annals of tourism research, 36(3), 522-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.03.003.
  • Riouful, V. (2000). Behind telling: Post-Apartheid representations of Robben Island’s past. Kronos, 26, 22-41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41056408.
  • Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of escape: Modern transformations in leisure and travel. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • Sather-Wagstaff, J. (2015). Heritage and memory. Emma Waterton ve Steve Watson (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of contemporary heritage research içinde (s.191-204). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Seaton, A.V. (1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism. International journal of heritage studies, 2 (4), 234-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722178.
  • Seaton, T. (2018). Encountering engineered and orchestrated remembrance: A situational model of dark tourism and its history. Philip R. Stone, Rudi Hartmann, Tony Seaton, Richard Sharpley ve Leanne White (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of dark tourism studies içinde (s. 9-31). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Shearing, C., & Kempa, M. (2004). A museum of hope: A story of Robben Island. The ANNALS of the American academy of political and social science, 592 (1), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203261919.
  • Skinner, J. (2018). “The smoke of an eruption and the dust of an earthquake”: Dark tourism, the sublime, and the re-animation of the disaster location. Philip R. Stone, Rudi Hartmann, Tony Seaton, Richard Sharpley ve Leanne White (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of dark tourism studies içinde (s. 125-150). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Smith, N., & Croy, W.G. (2005). Presentation of dark tourism: Te Wairoa, The buried billage. Chris Ryan, Stephen J. Page ve Michelle Aicken (Ed.), Taking tourism to the limits: issues, concepts and managerial perspectives içinde (s.199-213). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. Norman K. Denzin ve Yvonna S. Lincoln (Ed.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research third edition içinde (s.443-466). London: Sage.
  • Stone, P., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of tourism research, 35(2), 574-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.003.
  • Strange, C., & Kempa, M. (2003). Shades of dark tourism: Alcatraz and Robben Island. Annals of tourism research, 30(2), 386-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00102-0.
  • Tilley, C. (2006). Introduction: identity, place, landscape and heritage. Journal of material culture, 11 (1/2), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183506062990.
  • Tunbridge, J. E., & Ashworth, G. J. (1996). Dissonant heritage: The management of the past as a resource in conflict. Chichester, UK: John Wiley &Sons.
  • Tunçel, A. (2017). Tarihi yazmak: Unutturmak ya da unutturmamak. Tahire Erman ve Serpil Özaloğlu (Ed.), Bir varmış bir yokmuş: Toplumsal bellek, mekân ve kimlik üzerine araştırmalar içinde (s. 22-25). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı (2019). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: “Artık bu ülkede darbeler devri kapanmıştır”. 1 Haziran 2019 tarihinde https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/haberler/detay/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-artik-bu-ulkede-darbeler-devri-kapanmistir adresinden erişildi.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Robben Island. 9 Şubat 2022 tarihinde https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/916/ adresinden erişildi.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2015). Operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. 9 Şubat 2022 tarihinde http://whc.unesco.org/document/137843 adresinden erişildi.
  • Zerubavel, E. (1996). Social memories: Steps to a sociology of the past. Qualitative sociology, 19(3), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02393273.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bengi Bezirgan-tanış 0000-0002-6444-6285

Publication Date April 29, 2022
Submission Date October 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Bezirgan-tanış, B. (2022). KARANLIK GEÇMİŞTEN KARANLIK MİRASA: YASSIADA VE ROBBEN ADASI’NDA HAFIZA MEKÂNLARININ İNŞASI. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 25(2), 169-187. https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.1111344

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Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Sociological Research

SAD / JSR