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CONFORMITY VERSUS INFORMALITY: ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOCIALISTS AND BUREAUCRATIC ELITE IN TURKEY

Year 2019, , 96 - 121, 29.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.559093

Abstract

Might the history of socialism in Turkey be
read as the history of “ostracism” and “proscription”
of the socialists from the political
system? On the other hand, might the socialists in Turkey be considered as a (one of the) outsider(s) or political (one of
the) enemy/enemies? This article wants to answer these questions and focus on
the problem of how Turkish socialists affect the political system, while they
are in mainly the outside of the system. The main argument of this article is
that the socialists can be considered as an outsider/public enemy of Turkish
political system by the bureaucratic elite,
but social relations occurred in the non-political institutions of Turkish
society have given opportunities to the socialists for affecting the political
system. In other words, nonpolitical
social institutions and daily social relations occurred in these institutions
have been the only space for the socialists to be politically active and to
illegally and informally affect the inside (formal institutions) of the political system. This is also one of the main
reason for the endemic informality and/or
illegality tradition in the Turkish left. The main aim of this study is to
explore the relationship, interactions, and
dilemmas regarding conformity versus illegality in line with the contradictive
evolvement of relations between the socialists and bureaucratic elite in the
Turkish political life.  

References

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  • BORA, T. (2016), Türk Sağı: Siyasi Düşünce Tarihi Açısından Bir Çerçeve Denemesi, İ. Ö. Kerestecioğlu ve G. G. Öztan (Der.), Türk Sağı, Mitler, Fetişler, Düşman İmgeleri içinde (ss. 9-28), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınevi.
  • BOTTOMORE, T. (1964), Elites and Society, New York: Basic Books Inc.
  • BURAK, B. (2011), Turkish Political Culture and Civil Society: An Unsettling Coupling?, Alternatives Turkish Journal of International Relations, 10(1), 59-71.
  • COOPER, M. (2002), The Legacy of Ataturk: Turkish Political Structures and Policy-making, International Affair, 78, 115-128.
  • DEMIRKOL, M. (2013), From Ottoman to Republic Center-Periphery Analysis in Turkish Political Culture and Bureaucracy, International Anatolia Academic Online Journal, 1(2), 70-85.
  • DERRIDA, J. (1974), Of Grammatology, Washington: John Hopkins University Press.
  • DIZEREGA, G. (1991), Elites and Democratic Theory: Insights from the Self-Organizing Model, The Review of Politics, 53 (2), 340-372.
  • ERDAL, H. (1983), Discussions in the CPT 1981-1982, Documents, London: Verso.
  • FAMILY TREE OF THE TURKISH RADICAL LEFT. Access Date: 05.12.2018, https://www.broadleft.org/tr_left_part_hist_diag.pdf
  • FEROZE, M. R. (1976), Islam and Secularism in Post-Kemalist Turkey, Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute.
  • FREY, G. (1965), Turkish Political Elite, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press.
  • GEYIKDAĞI, M. Y. (1984), Political Parties in Turkey, The Role of Islam, New York: Prager Inc.
  • HALE, W. M., WILLIAM, M. (1994), Turkish Politics and the Military, London: Routledge.
  • HARRIS, G. S. (1967), The Origins of Communism in Turkey. Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution & Peace.
  • HEPER, M. (1976), The Recalcitrance of the Turkish Public Bureaucracy to "Bourgeois Politics": A Multi-Factor Political Stratification Analysis, Middle East Journal. 30(4), 485-500.
  • HEPER, M. (1985), The State Tradition in Turkey, Wallington, England: The Eothen Press.
  • HEPER, M. (1994), Politics in the Third Turkish Republic, Boulder: Westview Press.
  • HIGLEY, J., PAKULSKI J. (2012), Elite, Elitism and Elite Theory: Unending Confusion?, International Political Science Association, XXII World Congress, Madrid. Access Date: 05.12.2018, http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_11235.pdf
  • JENKINS, G. (2001), Context and Circumstance: The Turkish Military and Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • KARPAT, K. H. (1973), Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • KAYNAR, M. K. (1999), Sosyalizm ve Devrimci Şiddet, I. International Security Symposium, Elazığ, 27-29th March.
  • KAYNAR, M. K. (2007), Türk Solu, Öteki, Milliyetçilik: Türk Solunda Milliyetçiliğin Nedenleri Üzerine Bir Tartışma, Fikret Başkaya (Ed.). Milliyetçilik Yurtseverlik ve Sol içinde (ss.77-116), Ankara: Türkiye Ortadoğu Forumu.
  • KERESTECIOĞLU, İ.Ö. (2016), Korku ve Siyaset: Türk Sağının Ezberlerini Bozmak, İ. Ö. Kerestecioğlu ve G. G. Öztan (Der.), Türk Sağı, Mitler, Fetişler, Düşman İmgeleri, içinde (ss.29-43), İstanbul: İletişim.
  • KEYDER, Ç. (2014), Türkiye’de Devlet ve Sınıflar, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • KHAN, S. R. (2012), The Sociology of Elites, Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 361–377.
  • LIPOVSKY, I. (1992), Socialist Movement in Turkey: 1960-1980, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  • LOPEZ, M. (2013), Elite Theory, Sociopedia.isa, Acces Date: 02.04.2019, http://www.sagepub.net/isa/resources/pdf/elitetheory.pdf
  • MARCUS, M. (1982), Overt and Covert Modes of Legitimation in Eastern European Societies, In Rigby T.H. and Feher F. (Ed.) Political Legitimation in The Communist States. (pp. 82-93). New York: St. Martin Press.
  • MORRISON, E. (1999), Politics of Friendship, Variant, 2(7), 55-67.
  • MOUFFE, C. (2000), Carl Schmitt and the Paradox of Democracy, In The Democratic Paradox, (pp. 36-59). London: Verso.
  • ÖZCAN, Y. (2015), The European Transformation of Turkish Bureaucratic Elites, Journal of The Academic Elegance, 2(3), 147-189.
  • ÖZTAN, G. G. (2016), Türk Sağında Devlet Fetişizmine Dair. İ. Ö. Kerestecioğlu ve G. G. Öztan (Der.), Türk Sağı, Mitler, Fetişler, Düşman İmgeleri içinde (ss. 425-458). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • PALMA, G. D. (1991), Legitimation from the Top to Civil Society: Political Cultural Change in Eastern Europe, World Politics, 44(1), 49-80.
  • PUSTU, Y. (2007), Osmanlı-Türk Devlet Geleneğinde Modernleştirici Unsur Olarak Bürokratik Elitler, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 197-214.
  • SAYIN, Ç. (2006), What Does the Turkish Bureaucracy Represent? Manifestation of State-Society Relationship in The Meaning Worlds of Bureaucracy, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: ODTÜ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • SCHMITT, C. (1976), The Concept of Political, George Schwab (Trans), New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
  • TÜRKIYE İNSAN HAKLARI VAKFI. (1996), 1996 Yılı İnsan Hakları Raporu, Yayın No 18, Ankara: İnsan Hakları Vakfı Yayınları,
  • YAŞLI, F. (2015), Komünizm: İçimizdeki Şeytan, İsmet P. (Der.), Ötekinin Var Olma Sancısı, içinde (ss. 151-214), Bursa: Dora Yayınları,
Year 2019, , 96 - 121, 29.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.559093

Abstract

References

  • AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. (1989), Amnesty International Report 1988, London: Amnesty International Publications
  • BENNINGTON, G. (1997), Politics of Friendship, a Discussion with Jacques Derrida, Centre for Modern French Thought, The University of Sussex, Access Date: 05.12.2018, http://hydra.humanities.uci.edu/derrida/pol+fr.html
  • BORA, T. (2016), Türk Sağı: Siyasi Düşünce Tarihi Açısından Bir Çerçeve Denemesi, İ. Ö. Kerestecioğlu ve G. G. Öztan (Der.), Türk Sağı, Mitler, Fetişler, Düşman İmgeleri içinde (ss. 9-28), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınevi.
  • BOTTOMORE, T. (1964), Elites and Society, New York: Basic Books Inc.
  • BURAK, B. (2011), Turkish Political Culture and Civil Society: An Unsettling Coupling?, Alternatives Turkish Journal of International Relations, 10(1), 59-71.
  • COOPER, M. (2002), The Legacy of Ataturk: Turkish Political Structures and Policy-making, International Affair, 78, 115-128.
  • DEMIRKOL, M. (2013), From Ottoman to Republic Center-Periphery Analysis in Turkish Political Culture and Bureaucracy, International Anatolia Academic Online Journal, 1(2), 70-85.
  • DERRIDA, J. (1974), Of Grammatology, Washington: John Hopkins University Press.
  • DIZEREGA, G. (1991), Elites and Democratic Theory: Insights from the Self-Organizing Model, The Review of Politics, 53 (2), 340-372.
  • ERDAL, H. (1983), Discussions in the CPT 1981-1982, Documents, London: Verso.
  • FAMILY TREE OF THE TURKISH RADICAL LEFT. Access Date: 05.12.2018, https://www.broadleft.org/tr_left_part_hist_diag.pdf
  • FEROZE, M. R. (1976), Islam and Secularism in Post-Kemalist Turkey, Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute.
  • FREY, G. (1965), Turkish Political Elite, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press.
  • GEYIKDAĞI, M. Y. (1984), Political Parties in Turkey, The Role of Islam, New York: Prager Inc.
  • HALE, W. M., WILLIAM, M. (1994), Turkish Politics and the Military, London: Routledge.
  • HARRIS, G. S. (1967), The Origins of Communism in Turkey. Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution & Peace.
  • HEPER, M. (1976), The Recalcitrance of the Turkish Public Bureaucracy to "Bourgeois Politics": A Multi-Factor Political Stratification Analysis, Middle East Journal. 30(4), 485-500.
  • HEPER, M. (1985), The State Tradition in Turkey, Wallington, England: The Eothen Press.
  • HEPER, M. (1994), Politics in the Third Turkish Republic, Boulder: Westview Press.
  • HIGLEY, J., PAKULSKI J. (2012), Elite, Elitism and Elite Theory: Unending Confusion?, International Political Science Association, XXII World Congress, Madrid. Access Date: 05.12.2018, http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_11235.pdf
  • JENKINS, G. (2001), Context and Circumstance: The Turkish Military and Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • KARPAT, K. H. (1973), Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • KAYNAR, M. K. (1999), Sosyalizm ve Devrimci Şiddet, I. International Security Symposium, Elazığ, 27-29th March.
  • KAYNAR, M. K. (2007), Türk Solu, Öteki, Milliyetçilik: Türk Solunda Milliyetçiliğin Nedenleri Üzerine Bir Tartışma, Fikret Başkaya (Ed.). Milliyetçilik Yurtseverlik ve Sol içinde (ss.77-116), Ankara: Türkiye Ortadoğu Forumu.
  • KERESTECIOĞLU, İ.Ö. (2016), Korku ve Siyaset: Türk Sağının Ezberlerini Bozmak, İ. Ö. Kerestecioğlu ve G. G. Öztan (Der.), Türk Sağı, Mitler, Fetişler, Düşman İmgeleri, içinde (ss.29-43), İstanbul: İletişim.
  • KEYDER, Ç. (2014), Türkiye’de Devlet ve Sınıflar, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • KHAN, S. R. (2012), The Sociology of Elites, Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 361–377.
  • LIPOVSKY, I. (1992), Socialist Movement in Turkey: 1960-1980, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  • LOPEZ, M. (2013), Elite Theory, Sociopedia.isa, Acces Date: 02.04.2019, http://www.sagepub.net/isa/resources/pdf/elitetheory.pdf
  • MARCUS, M. (1982), Overt and Covert Modes of Legitimation in Eastern European Societies, In Rigby T.H. and Feher F. (Ed.) Political Legitimation in The Communist States. (pp. 82-93). New York: St. Martin Press.
  • MORRISON, E. (1999), Politics of Friendship, Variant, 2(7), 55-67.
  • MOUFFE, C. (2000), Carl Schmitt and the Paradox of Democracy, In The Democratic Paradox, (pp. 36-59). London: Verso.
  • ÖZCAN, Y. (2015), The European Transformation of Turkish Bureaucratic Elites, Journal of The Academic Elegance, 2(3), 147-189.
  • ÖZTAN, G. G. (2016), Türk Sağında Devlet Fetişizmine Dair. İ. Ö. Kerestecioğlu ve G. G. Öztan (Der.), Türk Sağı, Mitler, Fetişler, Düşman İmgeleri içinde (ss. 425-458). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • PALMA, G. D. (1991), Legitimation from the Top to Civil Society: Political Cultural Change in Eastern Europe, World Politics, 44(1), 49-80.
  • PUSTU, Y. (2007), Osmanlı-Türk Devlet Geleneğinde Modernleştirici Unsur Olarak Bürokratik Elitler, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 197-214.
  • SAYIN, Ç. (2006), What Does the Turkish Bureaucracy Represent? Manifestation of State-Society Relationship in The Meaning Worlds of Bureaucracy, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: ODTÜ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • SCHMITT, C. (1976), The Concept of Political, George Schwab (Trans), New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
  • TÜRKIYE İNSAN HAKLARI VAKFI. (1996), 1996 Yılı İnsan Hakları Raporu, Yayın No 18, Ankara: İnsan Hakları Vakfı Yayınları,
  • YAŞLI, F. (2015), Komünizm: İçimizdeki Şeytan, İsmet P. (Der.), Ötekinin Var Olma Sancısı, içinde (ss. 151-214), Bursa: Dora Yayınları,
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mete Kaan Kaynar 0000-0003-4401-9558

Publication Date April 29, 2019
Submission Date August 3, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Kaynar, M. K. (2019). CONFORMITY VERSUS INFORMALITY: ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOCIALISTS AND BUREAUCRATIC ELITE IN TURKEY. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 22(1), 96-121. https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.559093

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Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Sociological Research

SAD / JSR