Determinants of Juvenile Delinquency: The Case of Kars Province

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 29 - 62, 01.04.2013

Kadir Akyüz

Öz

Current study runs five different multiple regression models to analyze the data belongs to 180 students from 25 different secondary schools in Kars. The study examines the determinants of juvenile delinquency and differences in patterns of youth delinquency across different genders. Findings indicated that deviant peers, poor parental care and weak academic attachment/performance are the significant determinants of increased delinquency. Contrary to expectations, parents' level of education is found to have positive relationship with delinquency. As for the patterns of youth delinquency across different genders, some common cahracteristics are observed as well as interesting differences. Unlike the complete model, analysis examining only the boys demonstrated that deviant peers have notably the greatest impact on male de- linquency while parental care remains under the significance threshold. The models examining only the girls on the other hand, indicated that parental care has relatively stronger impact on female delinquency compared to deviant peers. Furthermore unlike with the boys, the girls are significantly more likely to engage in delinquency as they have a better wellfare status.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Juvenile delinquency, deviant peers, parental care.

Çocuk Sapkın Davranışını Belirleyen Etkenler: Kars İli Örneği

Öz

Mevcut çalışmada, Kars ilindeki 25 farklı okulda okuyan 180 öğrenciye ait veriler, beş değişik çoklu regresyon modeli ile analiz edilmektedir. Bu analizlerle çocuk suçluluğunun belirleyici faktörlerinin neler olduğu ve bu faktörler açısından cinsiyete göre farklılıklar olup olmadığı incelenmektedir. Araştırmanın bulguları; sapkın arkadaş etkisi, aile ilgisi ve akademik bağlılık/performans gibi faktörlerin çocuk sapkın davranışı ile istatiksel anlamlılık düzeyinde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ebeveynin eğitim durumu ile çocuk sapkın davranışı arasında beklenenin tersine pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir. Bunun dışında çocuk sapkın davranışını belirleyen faktörler farklı cinsiyetler açısından değerlendirildiğinde ise, genel içerikli benzerliklerin yanısıra dikkate değer farklılıkların da olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sadece erkek çocukların analiz edildiği modellerde, akran etkisinin en güçlü etkiye sahip olması ve tam modelin aksine aile ilgisinin istatiksel anlamlılık düzeyinin altında kalması dikkate değer bir noktadır. Sadece kız çocuklarının analizlere katıldığı modellerde ise aile ilgisi sapkın arkadaşlara göre daha güçlü bir etki oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca dikkate değer şekilde erkek çocuklardan farklı olarak, ekonomik durumdaki iyileşme ile kız çocuklarının sapkın davranışları arasında pozitif yönlü ve istatiksel anlamlılık düzeyinde bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk sapkın davranışı, sapkın akranlar, ebeveyn ilgisi.

Kaynakça

• AGNEW, Robert 2001, “Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Control”, Los Angeles: Roxbury.
• AGNEW, Robert, Shelley Keith Matthews, Jacob Bucher, Adria N. Welcher ve Corey Keyes 2008, “Socioeconomic Status, Economic Problems, and Delinquency”, Youth & Society, Cilt: 40, No: 2, 159.
• AKERS, Ronald. L. 1973, “Deviant Behavior: A Social Learning Approach”, Bel- mont, CA: Wadsworth.
• AKERS, Ronald L., ve Gang Lee 1999, “Age, Social Learning, and Social Bonding in Adolescent Substance Use”, Deviant Behavior, Cilt: 20, 1-25.
• ALEXANDER, Karl. L., Doris. R. Entwisle ve Nader Kabbani 2001, “The Dropout Process in Life Course Perspective: Early Risk Factors at Home and School”, Teachers College Record, Cilt:5, 760-822.
• ALİKAŞİFOĞLU, Müjgan., Ethem Erginoz, Oya Ercan, Omer Uysal, Deniz A. Kay- mak ve Özdemir İlter 2004, “Violent Behavior among Turkish High School Students and Correlates of Physical Fight”, European Journal of Public Health, Cilt:14, 173-177.
• BARBERET, Rosemarry., Benjamin Bowling, Josine Junger-Tas, Cristina Rechea-Al- berola, John van Kesteren ve Andrew Zurawan 2004, “Self-Reported Juvenile Delinquency in England and Wales, The Netherlands and Spain”, Helsinki, Finland: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control.
• BENDIXEN, Mons., Inger M Endresen ve Dan Olweus 2003, “Variety and Fre- quency Scales of Antisocial Involvement: Which One is Better?”, Legal and Criminological Psychology, Cilt: 8, 135-150.
• BRENDGEN, Mara., Frank Vitaro ve William M. Bukowski 2000, “Stability and Variability of Adolescents’ Affili ation With Delinquent Friends: Predictors and Conse- quences”, Social Development, Cilt: 9, 205-225.
• CANTER, Rachelle J., 1982, “Family Correlates of Male and Female Delinquen- cy”, Criminology, Cilt: 20, No: 2, 149-167.
• COHEN, Albert, K. 1959, “The Study of Social Disorganization and Deviant Beha- vior”, Sociology Today, ed. Robert K. Merton et al., New York: Basic Books, 461-484.
• COMBS, James, G. 2010, “Big Samples and Small Effects: Let’s Not Trade Rele- vance and Rigor for Power”, Academy of Management Journal, Cilt: 53, 9-13.
• CRUM, Rosa, M., Kathleen K. Bucholz, John E. Helzer ve James, C. Anthony 1992, “The Risk of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in Adulthood: The Association with Educa- tion Level”, American Journal of Epidemiology, Cilt: 135, 989-99.
• DEMUTH, Stephen ve Susan L. Brown 2004, “Family Structure, Family Processes, and Adolescent Delinquency: The Significance of Parental Absence versus Parental Gen- der”, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Cilt: 41, 58-81.
• DURMUŞ, Emine ve Uğur Gürgan 2005, “Lise Öğrencilerinin Şiddet ve Saldırgan- lık Eğilimleri”, Gazi Üniversitesi, Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 3, 253-269.
• ELLIOTT, Delbert S., David Huizinga ve Suzanne S. Ageton 1985, “Explaining De- linquency and Drug Use”, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
• ELLIOTT, Delbert S. 1987, National Youth Survey [United States]: Wave VII, (ICPSR 6542)
• FAGAN, Jeffrey, Elizabeth Piper ve Melinda Moore 1986, “Violent Delinquents and Urban Youths” Criminology, Cilt: 24, 439-71.
• FAGAN, Jeffrey ve Edward Pabon 1990, “Contributions of Delinquency and Subs- tance Use to School Dropout”, Youth & Society, Cilt:21, 306-54.
• GIBBONS, Don C. ve Marvin D. Krohn 1991, “Delinquent Behavior”, 5th ed. Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• GORMAN-SMITH, Deborah, Patrick H. Tolan, Rolf Loeber ve David B. Henry 1998, “Relation of Family Problems to Patterns of Delinquent Involvement among Urban Youth”, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Cilt: 26, No: 5, 319-333.
• GREEN, Samuel B. 1991, “How Many Subjects Does It Take to Do a Regression Analysis? Multivariate Behavioral Research”, Cilt: 26, 499-510.
• GUTIERREZ, Filomin C. ve Donald J. Shoemaker 2008, “Self-Reported Delinquen- cy of High School Students in Metro Manila : Gender and Social Class”, Youth & Society, Cilt: 40, No: 1, 55-85.
• HAGAN, John, A. R. Gillis ve John Simpson 1985, “The Class Structure of Gender and Delinquency: Towards a Power-Control Theory of Common Delinquent Behavior”, American Journal of Sociology, Cilt: 90, 1151-78.
• HARRIS, Richard J. 1975, “A Primer of Multivariate Statistics”, New York: Aca- demic Press.
• HAYNIE, Dana L. ve D. Wayne Osgood 2005, “Reconsidering Peers and Delin- quency: How Do Peers Matter?” Social Forces, 84, 1109-1130.
• HEIMER, Karen 1995, “Gender, Race, and The Pathways to Delinquency: An In- teractionist Analysis”, In J. Hagan and R. D. Peterson (eds) Crime and inequality, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• HIRSCHI, Travis 1969 “Causes of delinquency”, Berkeley: University of California Press.
• INGRAM, Jason R., Justin W. Patchin, Beth M. Huebner, John D. McCluskey ve Ti- mothy S. Bynum 2007, “Parents, Friends, and Serious Delinquency: An Examination of Direct and Indirect Effects Among At-Risk Early Adolescents”, Criminal Justice Review, Cilt: 32, No: 4, 380-400.
• JARJOURA, G. Roger 1993, “Does Dropping Out of School Enhance Delinquent Involvement? Results From a Large-Scale National Probability Sample”, Criminology, Cilt: 31, 149-72.
• JUNGER-TAS, Josine ve Ineke Haen Marshall 1999, “The Self-Report Methodology in Crime Research”, In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Chica- go: University of Chicago Press, 291-367.
• JUNGER-TAS, Josine, Denis Ribeaud ve Maarten J. L. F. Cryuff 2004, “Juvenile Delinquency and Gender”, European Journal of Criminology, Cilt: 1 No: 3, 333-375.
• JUNGER-TAS. Josine, Ineke Haen Marshall ve Denis Ribeaud 2003, “Delinquen- cy in an International Perspective: The International Self-Reported Delinquency Study (ISRD)”, Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; The Hague, The Netherlands: Kugler Publica- tions.
• KANDEL, Denise B. 1996, “The Parental and Peer Contexts of Adolescent Devi- ance: An Algebra of Interper sonal Influences”, Journal of Drug Issues, Cilt: 26, 289-315.
• KAPLAN, Diane S., Mitchel B. Peck ve Howard B. Kaplan 2001, “Decomposing the Academic Failure-Dropout Relationship: A Longitudinal Analysis”, The Journal of Educa- tional Research, Cilt: 90, 331-43.
• KEPENEKCI, Yasemin Karaman ve Sakir Cınkır 2006, “Bullying among Turkish High School Students”, Child Abuse & Neglect, Cilt: 30, 993-204.
• KERCHER, Karl 1988, “Criminology”, In Edgar F Borgatta and Karen S. Cook (eds.), The Future of Sociology, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 294-316.
• LE, Thao. N., Golnoush Monfare ve Garry D. Stockdale 2005, “The Relationship of School, Parent, and Peer Contextual Factors with Self-Reported Delinquency for Chine- se, Cambodian, Laotian or Mien, and Vietnamese Youth”, Crime & Delinquency, Cilt: 51, No:2, 192-219.
• LO, Celia C., Young S Kim, Thomas. M Allen, Andrea N Allen, P. Allison Minugh ve Nicoletta Lomuto 2010, “The Impact of School Environment and Grade Level on Stu- dentDelinquency: A Multilevel Modeling Approach, Crime & Delinquency”, Cilt:57, No:4, 622-657.
• MACK, Kristin Y., Michael J. Leiber, Richard A. Featherstone ve Maria A. Monserud 2007, “Reassessing the Family Delinquency Association: Do Family Type, Family Proces- ses, and Economic Factors Make a Difference?”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Cilt:35, No:1, 51-67.
• MARCOS, Anastasios C., Stephen J. Bahr ve Richard E. Johnson 1986, “Test of a Bonding/ Association Theory of Adolescent Drug Use”, Social Forces, Cilt: 65,135-61.
• MASSEY, James L., ve Marvin D. Krohn 1986, “A Longitudinal Examination of an Integrated Social Process Model of Deviant Behavior”, Social Forces, Cilt:65, 107-34.
• MATSUEDA, Ross L. 1982, “Testing Control Theory and Differential Association: A Causal Modeling Approach”, American Sociological Review, Cilt;47, 489-504.
• MENSCH, Barbara S., ve Denise B Kandel 1988, “Dropping Out of High School and Drug Involvement”, Sociology of Education, Cilt: 61, 95-113.
• NANSEL, Tanja R., Marry D. Overpeck, Denise L. Haynie W. June Ruan ve Peter C. Scheidt 2003, “Relationships between Bullying and Violence among US Youth”, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Cilt:157, 348-353.
• ONWUDIWE, Ihekwoaba D. 2004, “Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Delinqu- ency: Root Causes and Control”, Corrections Today, Cilt: 66, No: 6, 153.
• ORME, John G. ve Cheryl Buehler 2001, “Introduction to Multiple Regression for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables”, Social Work Research, Cilt: 25, No:1, 49- 61.
• ÖZDEMİR, Soner Mehmer 2010, “An Examination of the Educational Programs held for Juvenile Delinquents in Turkey, Education”, Cilt:130, No:3,384-398.
• PATTERSON, Gerald R. 1982, “Social Learning Approach to Family Interventi- on”, Eugene, OR: Castilia.
• PATTERSON, G. R., Thomas J. Dishion 1985, “Contributions of Families and Peers to Delinquency”, Criminology, Cilt:23, 63-79.
• PIQUERO, Nicole Leeper., Angela R. Gover, John M. MacDonald ve Alex R. Piquero 2005, “The Influence of Delinquent Peers on Delinquency: Does Gender Matter?”, Youth & Society, Cilt:136, No:3, 251-275.
• RANKIN, Joseph H. ve L. Edward Wells 1990, “The Effect of Parental Attach- ments and Direct Controls on Delinquency”, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Cilt:27, No:2, 140-165.
• REBELLON, Cesar J. 2002, “ Reconsidering the Broken Homes/Delinquency Rela- tionship and Exploring Its Mediating Mechanism(s)”, Criminology, Cilt:40, No:1, 103-135.
• RIGBY, Ken, ve Ian Cox, 1996, “The Contribution of Bullying at School and Low Self-Esteem to Acts of Delinquency among Australian Teenagers”, Personality and Indivi- dual Differences, Cilt:21, 609-612.
• SAMPSON, Robert J. ve John H. Laub 1993, “Crime in The Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Cambridge”, MA: Harvard University Press.
• SMITH, D. J. ve S. McVie 2003, “Theory and Method in the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime”, British Journal of Criminology, Cilt: 43, 169-195.
• SOKOL-KATZ, Jan, Roger Dunham ve Rick Zimmerman 1997, “Family Structure versus Parental Attachment in Controlling Adolescent Deviant Behavior: A Social Con- trol Model”, Adolescence, Cilt:32, No:125, 199-215.
• SUTHERLAND, Edvin Hardin 1947, “Principles of criminology”, (4th ed.). Phila- delphia: J. B. Lippincott.
• TABACHNICK, Barbara. G. ve Linda S. Fidell, 2001, “Using Multivariate Statisti- cs”, (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• TATALOVICH, Raymond 1976, “Societal Determinants of Reported Crime in the American States: A Comperative Analysis Using Multiple Regression”, Criminal Justice Review, Cilt:1, 127-132.
• TEACHMAN, Jay D., Kathleen Paasch, ve Karen Carver 1996, “Social Capital and Dropping Out of School Early”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Cilt:58,773-83.
• THORNBERRY, Terence. P., Melanie Moore ve R. L. Christenson 1985, “The Effect of Dropping Out of High School on Subsequent Criminal Behavior”, Criminology, Cilt: 23, 3-18.
• THORNBERRY, Terence., Alan J. Lizotte, Marvin D. Krohn, Margaret Farnworth ve Suns Joon Jang 1991, “Testing Interactional Theory: An Examination of Reciprocal Ca- usal Relationships among Family, School, and Delinquency”, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Cilt:82, 3-35.
• THORNBERRY, Terence., Alan J. Lizotte, Marvin D. Krohn, Margaret Farnworth ve Sung Joon Jang 1994, “Delinquent Peers, Beliefs, and Delinquent Behavior: A Longitudi- nal Test of Interactional Theory”, Criminology, Cilt:32, No:1, 47-83.
• THORNBERRY, Terence. P. ve Marvin D. Krohn 2003, “Taking Stock of Delinqu- ency: An Overview of Findings from Contemporary Longitudinal Studies”, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
• TOLAN, Patrick H. 1990, “Multi-Systemic Structural Strategic Interventions for Child and Adolescent Behavior Problems”, New York: Haworth.
• TOLAN, Patrick H. ve Nancy Guerra 1994, “What Works in Reducing Adolescent Violence: An Empirical Review of the Field”, Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Preven- tion of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.
• ULUSOY, Demet, Nilüfer Özcan Demir ve Aylin Görgün Baran 2005 “Parçalanmış Aile ve Gençlerde Sapmış Davranışlar: Lise Son Sınıf Gençliği Örneği”, Hacettepe Üniver- sitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt:22, 61-66.
• ÜNAL, Halime 2010, “Ebeveynlerle Olan İlişkiler, Sapkın Arkadaşlar ve Sap- kın Davranışları”, Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi /Journal of Sociological Research, Cilt:13, No:2, 216-248.
• VOELKL, Kristin E., John W. Welte ve William F. Wieczorek 1999, “Schooling and Delinquency among White and African American Adolescents”, Urban Education, Cilt: 34, 69-88.
• WARR, Mark 1993,“Parents, Peers, and Delinquency”, Social Forces, Cilt:72, No:1, 247-264.
• WARR, Mark 2002 “Companions in Crime”, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer- sity Press.
• WARR, Mark ve Mark Stafford 1991 “The Influence of Delinquent Peers: What They Think or What They Do?”, Criminology, Cilt:29, No:4, 851-865.
• WEERMAN Franl M., ve Wilma H. Smeenk 2005 “Peer Similarity in Delinquency for Different Types of Friends: A Comparison Using Two Measurement Methods”, Crimi- nology, Cilt:43, 499-524.
• WRIGHT, John Paul ve Francis T. Cullen 2001 “Parental Efficacy and Delinquent Behavior: Do Control and Support Matter?”, Criminology, Cilt:39, No:3, 677-705.