Aged Population and Demographic Changes, Possible Threats to and Policies for Longevity

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 188 - 211, 31.10.2014

Meltem İnce Yenilmez

https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.379184

Öz

The global population is aging at an unpredicted rate with a high decline in fertility.

Many of the European Union and Asian countries experience highest life expectancy as

compared to the rest of the world. The changing age structure in developing countries has yet

started to give an alarming situation. This paper will analyse the possible changes in certain

variables including labour force participation, pension system and retirement age. Special

emphasis will be placed to a variety of demographic and policy forces that are of vital

importance in evaluating the impact of population aging to stop gender discrimination in

pension funds. It ends with some policy options dedicated to forming active policies that are

essential in coping with the rapidly increasing number of elderly in the world.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Population aging, demography, employment, social security, retirement.

Kaynakça

• BETTIO, F. 2008 “Occupational Segregation and gender wage disparities in developed economies: should we still worry?”. iç. Frontiers in the Economics of Gender (der. F. BTTIO and Alina Verashchagina). Routledge: Siena Studies in Political Economy. BLOOM, D.E.; CANNING, D. and SEVILLA, J. 2003 “The demographic dividend. A new perspective on the economic consequences of population change”. Rand document MR–1274. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. P.69-78. BOLZENDAHL, C. and MYERS, D. 2004 Feminist Attitudes and Support for Gender Equality: Opinion Change in Women and Men, 1974-1998. Social Forces (83): 759-90. CORBO, V. 2004 “Policy Challenges of Population Aging and Pension Systems in Latin America”, inc. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Annual Economic Policy Symposium on “Global Demographic Change: Economic Impacts and Policy Challenges” Jackson Hole, WY, p.1-21. DIAMOND, P. 1977 “A Framework for Social Security Analysis”, Journal of Public Economics, 8(3):275- 298. DETHIER, J.J.; PESTIEAU, P. and RABIA, A. 2010 “Universal Minimum Old Age Pensions: Impact on Poverty and Fiscal Cost in 18 Latin American Countries”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5292. Retrieved December 5, from World Bank http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/ WDSP/IB/2010/05/06/000158349_20100506135339/Rendered/PDF/WPS5292.pdf EIDE, A.; KRAUSE, C. and ROSAS, A. 2001 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: a textbook. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. EISELE, F.R. 1974 “Political Consequences of Aging”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, V:415. GOLDSTEIN, J.R. 2009 “How Population Age”. iç. International Handbook of Population Aging (der. P. Uhlenberg ), New York: Springer. HOEM, B. 2000 “Entry into motherhood in Sweden: The influence of economic factors on the rise and fall in fertility, 1986-1997”, Demographic Research, 2(4), p.1-28. HOWSE, K. 2006 “Pension reform and age of entitlement rules”, Ageing Horizons, No: 5, p.3-11. International Labour Office 2004 A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities For All, Geneva: International Labour Office. LEHMAN, H. C. 1953 “The ages of scheduled participants at the 1948”, American Psychologist, No: 8. MOHAN, R. 2004 “Fiscal Challenges of Population Aging: The Asian Experience”. Paper presented at Symposium on Global Demographic Change: Economic Implications and Policy Challenges. Jackson Hole, Wyoming. OECD 2012 Closing the pension gap: the role of private pensions, OECD: Paris. OECD 2012 Performance of pension funds, OECD: Paris. OECD 2013 Pension Markets in Focus, OECD: Paris SANDELL, S.H. 1977 “Women and the economics of family migration”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 59(4), p. 406–14. THUROW, L.C. 1969 “The Optimum Lifetime Distribution of Consumption Expenditures”, American Economic Review, 59:324 – 330. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1937 1935 Genel Nüfus Sayımı Türkiye Nüfusu, Yayın No:75. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1944 1940 Genel Nüfus Sayımı, Yayın No: 158. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1949 Genel Nüfus Sayımı 1945, Yayın No: 286. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1954 1950 Genel Nüfus Sayımı, Yayın No: 359. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1961 1960 Genel Nüfus Sayımı, Türkiye Nüfusu, Yayın No:452. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1964 1955 Genel Nüfus Sayımı, Türkiye Nüfusu, Yayın No:399. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1969 1965 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri, Yayın No: 568. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1973 1970 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri, Yayın No: 690. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1982 1975 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri, Yayın No: 988. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1984 1980 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri, Yayın No: 1072. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1989 1985 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri, Yayın No: 1369. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1993a 1990 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri, Yayın No: 1616. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1993b 1989 Turkish Demographic Survey, Prime Ministry of Republic of Turkey Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 1995 The Population of Turkey, 1923‐1994: Demographic Structure and Development. Yayın No: 1716. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2001 1998 Evlenme İstatistikleri, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Yayın No: 2481. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2003 2002 Türkiye İstatistik Yıllığı, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Yayın No: 2779. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2003 2000 Genel Nüfus Sayımı: Nüfusun Sosyal ve Ekonomik Nitelikleri, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Yayın No: 2759. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2008 Evlenme İstatistikleri 2007, Prime Ministry of Republic of Turkey, Yayın No: 3173. Ankara. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2009 Nüfus Projeksiyonları: 2008‐2050, Yayınlanmamış çalışma. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2010m Kurumsal Olmayan Nüfusun Yıllar ve Cinsiyete Göre İşgücü Durumu, 1988‐ 1999, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=542, Retrieved on: 15.11.2014 Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2010n 2000‐2006, Kurumsal Olmayan Nüfusun Yıllar ve Cinsiyete Göre İşgücü Durumu, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=569, Retrieved on: 15.11.2014 Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2010p Ekonomik Faaliyete Göre İstihdam Edilen Nüfus, 1980‐2000, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=214Retrieved on: 15.11.2014 UHLENBERG, P. 1992 “Population aging and social policy”. Annual Review of Sociology, No: 18, p. 449– 74. United Nations 2010 World Population Prospects: the 2006 Revision. Fact Sheet on Aging. New York, NY: UN. United Nations 2012 World Population Prospects: the 2010 Revision. New York, NY: UN. WHO 2011 Global Health and Aging, NY: US National Institute of Aging. ZOUBANOV, A. 2000 “Population ageing and population decline: government views and policies”, expert group meeting on policy responses to population ageing and population decline. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, p.1–15. New York: UN.