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KORKU MEKANLARI: TERÖR KORKUSUNUN MEKANSAL BOYUTU VE KAÇINMA DAVRANIŞI

Year 2020, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 1 - 33, 28.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.728236

Abstract

Terör korkusu, son yıllarda dünya çapında gerçekleşen ve büyük oranda sivil halkı hedef alan terör
saldırılarının ortaya çıkardığı önemli bir sorundur. Bu korku pek çok unsur tarafından
tetiklenebilmektedir. Araştırmanın temel amacı, terör korkusu ile mekan ilişkisini ortaya koymak ve
korkunun belirli mekanlarda yoğunlaşıp yoğunlaşmadığını saptamaktır. Araştırmanın teorik
çerçevesini, suç korkusunu mekanın fiziksel ve sosyal özellikleri bağlamında ele alan kentsel
organizasyonsuzluk teorilerden düzensizlik, sosyal kontrol ve altkültürel çeşitlilik teorileri
oluşturmaktadır. Dünya risk toplumu teorisi, araştırma kapsamında faydalanılan bir diğer teorik
bağlamdır. Araştırma verileri, 2018 yılında Ankara’da gerçekleştirilen 400 anket ve 20 görüşmenin
sonuçlarına dayanmaktadır.
Araştırma sonuçları, terör korkusunun belirli mekanlarda diğerlerine göre daha çok hissedildiğini ortaya
koymaktadır. Ayrıca düzensizlik ve sosyal kontrol teorileri gibi suç korkusu teorilerinin, terör
korkusunu açıklayamadığı, altkültürel çeşitlilik teorisinin ise korkunun mekansal yoğunlaşması
üzerinde nispeten açıklayıcı olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırma, Türkiye’de terör korkusunun
mekansal yoğunluğunu ve bunu tetikleyen faktörleri ortaya koyması açısından literatür için önem arz
etmektedir.

References

  • Ahmed, S. (2015). The ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”: Counterterrorism, fear, risk, insecurity and helplessness”. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 15(5), 545–560. Aly, A. and Green, L. (2010). Fear, anxiety and the state of terror. Studies in Conflict & Terroris, 33: 268–281. Beck, U. (2014). Risk toplumu başka bir modernliğe doğru. (Çev. K. Özdoğan ve B. Doğan). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları. Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society: A Hobhouse Memorial Public Lecture given on Wednesday 15 February 2006 at the London School of Economics. Economy and society, 35(3), 329-345. Beck, U. (2005). Siyasallığın icadı. (Çev. N. Ünler). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Beck, U. (2002a). The terrorist threat: world risk society revisited. Theory, culture & society, 19(4), 39-55. Beck, U. (2002b). The silence of words and political dynamics in the world risk society. Logos, 1(4), 1-18. Box, S., Hale, C., & Andrews, G. (1988). Explaining fear of crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 28 (3), 340-356. Bunch, J., Clay-Warner, J., & Lei, M. K. (2015). Demographic characteristics and victimization risk: Testing the mediating effects of routine activities. Crime & Delinquency, 61(9), 1181-1205. Cohen, L. E. and Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American sociological review, 588-608. Connerton, P. (2009). How modernity forgets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Corkin, D., Wiesner, M., Reyna, R. S., and Shukla, K. (2015). The role of deviant lifestyles on violent victimization in multiple contexts. Deviant Behavior, 36(5), 405-428. Covington, J. and Taylor, R. B. (1991). Fear of crime in urban residential neighborhoods. The Sociological Quarterly, 32(2), 231-249. Demirçivi, E. R. (2015). Metropollerde terörizm algısı: Ankara’da bir uygulama. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Dolu, O. (2015). Suç Teorileri. Ankara: Global Politika ve Strateji Yayınları. Dönmezer, S. (1994). Kriminoloji. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım. Durodie, B. (2007). Fear and terror in a post-political age. Government and Opposition, 42(3), 427–450. Felson, R. B. (1997). Routine activities and involvement in violence as actor, witness, or target. Violence and Victims, 12(3), 209-221. Garrison, A. H. (2004). Defining terrorism: Philosophy of the bomb, propaganda by deed and change through fear and violence. Criminal Justice Studies, 17(3), 259-279. Giddens, A. (2004). Modernliğin sonuçları. (Çev. E. Kuşdil). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. Giddens, A. (2000). Elimizden kaçıp giden dünya. (Çev. O. Akınhay). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. Gigerenzer, G. (2006). Out of the frying pan into the fire: Behavioral reactions to terrorist attacks. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 26(2), 347-351. Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: a review of the literature. International Review Of Victimology, 4:79-150. Hartnagel, T. F. (1979). The perception and fear of crime: Implications for neighborhood cohesion, socialactivity, and community affect. Social Forces, 58(1), 176-193. Hindelang, M. J., Garofalo, J. and Gottfredson, M. R. (1978). Victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge: Ballinger Publications. Howie, L. (2005). There is nothing to fear but fear itself (and terrorists): Public perception, terrorism and the workplace. Paper presented to the Social Change in the 21st Century Conference. Centre for Social Change Research Queensland University of Technology. Hunter, A. (1978). Symbols of ıncivility: social disorder and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/82421.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2017). Irmak, F. ve Kahya, Y. (2014). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde terörizm ve terörizm korkusu: 11 Eylül terör saldırılarının öncesi ve sonrasına ilişkin bir analiz. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(33), 315- 324. Ito, H. and Lee, D. (2005). Assessing the impact of the September 11 terrorist attacks on US airline demand. Journal of Economics and Business, 57(1), 75-95. Khruakham, S. and Lee, J. (2014). Terrorism and other determinants of fear of crime in the Philippines. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 16(1), 1-15. Kızmaz, Z. (2005). Sosyolojik suç kuramlarının suç olgusunu açıklama potansiyelleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. CÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 29(2), 149-174. Laqueur, W. (2000). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. USA: Oxford University Press. Lewis, D. A., Salem, G., and Szoc, R. (1980). Crime and urban community: Towards a theory of neighborhood security. Reactions to Crime Project, Center for Urban Affairs, Northwestern University. Liska, A. E., Lawrence, J. J. and Sanchirico A. (1982). Fear of crime as a social fact. Social Forces, 60(3), 760-770. McGarrell, E. F., Giacomazzi, A. L. and Thurman, Q. C. (1997). Neighborhood disorder, integration, and the fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 14(3), 479-500. McNeeley, S. (2015). Lifestyle-routine activities and crime events. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(1), 30-52. Mühürcüoğlu, E. (2010). Bombalı intihar saldırısı sonucu oluşan suç korkusu üzerine bir vaka incelemesi: Ulus-Anafartalar çarşısı örneği. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Mythen, G., and Walklate, S. (2008). Terrorism, risk and international security: The perils of asking'what if?'. Security Dialogue, 39(2-3), 221-242. Mythen, G., and Walklate, S. (2006). Criminology and terrorism: Which thesis? Risk society or governmentality?. British Journal of Criminology, 46(3), 379-398. Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y. and Shapiro, R. Y. (2007). Post-9/11 terrorism threats, news coverage, and public perceptions in the United States. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 1(2), 105-126. Nellis, A. M. and Savage, J. (2012). Does watching the news affect fear of terrorism? The importance of media exposure on terrorism fear. Crime & Delinquency, 58(5), 748-768. Pain, R. and Smith, S. J. (2008). Fear: critical geopolitics and everyday life. In Fear: critical geopolitics and everyday life (p. 1- 24). Aldershot: Ashgate. Pain, R. (2009). Globalized fear? Towards an emotional geopolitics. Progress in Human Geography, 33(4), 466-486. Pain, R.H. (2010). The new geopolitics of fear. Geography Compass., 4 (3), 226-240. Pelletier, P. and Drozda-Senkowska, E. (2016). The Charlie Hebdo Terror Attack in Paris: Follow-up of French Citizens’ Terrorist Threat Perception and Its Aftermath. International Review of Social Psychology, 29(1). Policastro, C. (2013). Victimization of the elderly: An application of lifestyles/routine activities theory. Georgia State University. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cj_diss/1 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2017). Rubin, G. J., Brewin, C. R., Greenberg, N., Hughes, J. H., Simpson, J., and Wessely, S. (2007). Enduring consequences of terrorism: 7-month follow-up survey of reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(4), 350-356. Sanadjian, M. (2006). Fear, terror and the new global economy of salvation- global excess and ‘suicide’ bombing in London. Social Identities, 12(6), 701-725. Semmerling, T. J. (2008). Those “evil” Muslims! Orientalist fears in the narratives of the war on terror. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 28(2), 207-223. Skogan, W. (1986). Fear of crime and neighborhood change. Crime and justice, 8, 203-229. Taylor, R. B. and Hale, M. (1986). Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 77(1), 151- 189. Warr, M. (1990). Dengerous situations: social context and fear of victimization, Social Forces, 68, 891-907. Wilson, J. Q. And Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows. (p.1- 10). https://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2017). Wirth, L. (2002). Bir yaşam biçimi olarak kentlileşme. (Çev: B. Duru ve A. Alkan). B. Duru ve A. Alkan (Ed.), 20. yüzyıl kenti içinde (s.77- 106). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
Year 2020, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 1 - 33, 28.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.728236

Abstract

References

  • Ahmed, S. (2015). The ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”: Counterterrorism, fear, risk, insecurity and helplessness”. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 15(5), 545–560. Aly, A. and Green, L. (2010). Fear, anxiety and the state of terror. Studies in Conflict & Terroris, 33: 268–281. Beck, U. (2014). Risk toplumu başka bir modernliğe doğru. (Çev. K. Özdoğan ve B. Doğan). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları. Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society: A Hobhouse Memorial Public Lecture given on Wednesday 15 February 2006 at the London School of Economics. Economy and society, 35(3), 329-345. Beck, U. (2005). Siyasallığın icadı. (Çev. N. Ünler). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Beck, U. (2002a). The terrorist threat: world risk society revisited. Theory, culture & society, 19(4), 39-55. Beck, U. (2002b). The silence of words and political dynamics in the world risk society. Logos, 1(4), 1-18. Box, S., Hale, C., & Andrews, G. (1988). Explaining fear of crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 28 (3), 340-356. Bunch, J., Clay-Warner, J., & Lei, M. K. (2015). Demographic characteristics and victimization risk: Testing the mediating effects of routine activities. Crime & Delinquency, 61(9), 1181-1205. Cohen, L. E. and Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American sociological review, 588-608. Connerton, P. (2009). How modernity forgets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Corkin, D., Wiesner, M., Reyna, R. S., and Shukla, K. (2015). The role of deviant lifestyles on violent victimization in multiple contexts. Deviant Behavior, 36(5), 405-428. Covington, J. and Taylor, R. B. (1991). Fear of crime in urban residential neighborhoods. The Sociological Quarterly, 32(2), 231-249. Demirçivi, E. R. (2015). Metropollerde terörizm algısı: Ankara’da bir uygulama. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Dolu, O. (2015). Suç Teorileri. Ankara: Global Politika ve Strateji Yayınları. Dönmezer, S. (1994). Kriminoloji. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım. Durodie, B. (2007). Fear and terror in a post-political age. Government and Opposition, 42(3), 427–450. Felson, R. B. (1997). Routine activities and involvement in violence as actor, witness, or target. Violence and Victims, 12(3), 209-221. Garrison, A. H. (2004). Defining terrorism: Philosophy of the bomb, propaganda by deed and change through fear and violence. Criminal Justice Studies, 17(3), 259-279. Giddens, A. (2004). Modernliğin sonuçları. (Çev. E. Kuşdil). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. Giddens, A. (2000). Elimizden kaçıp giden dünya. (Çev. O. Akınhay). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. Gigerenzer, G. (2006). Out of the frying pan into the fire: Behavioral reactions to terrorist attacks. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 26(2), 347-351. Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: a review of the literature. International Review Of Victimology, 4:79-150. Hartnagel, T. F. (1979). The perception and fear of crime: Implications for neighborhood cohesion, socialactivity, and community affect. Social Forces, 58(1), 176-193. Hindelang, M. J., Garofalo, J. and Gottfredson, M. R. (1978). Victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge: Ballinger Publications. Howie, L. (2005). There is nothing to fear but fear itself (and terrorists): Public perception, terrorism and the workplace. Paper presented to the Social Change in the 21st Century Conference. Centre for Social Change Research Queensland University of Technology. Hunter, A. (1978). Symbols of ıncivility: social disorder and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/82421.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2017). Irmak, F. ve Kahya, Y. (2014). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde terörizm ve terörizm korkusu: 11 Eylül terör saldırılarının öncesi ve sonrasına ilişkin bir analiz. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(33), 315- 324. Ito, H. and Lee, D. (2005). Assessing the impact of the September 11 terrorist attacks on US airline demand. Journal of Economics and Business, 57(1), 75-95. Khruakham, S. and Lee, J. (2014). Terrorism and other determinants of fear of crime in the Philippines. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 16(1), 1-15. Kızmaz, Z. (2005). Sosyolojik suç kuramlarının suç olgusunu açıklama potansiyelleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. CÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 29(2), 149-174. Laqueur, W. (2000). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. USA: Oxford University Press. Lewis, D. A., Salem, G., and Szoc, R. (1980). Crime and urban community: Towards a theory of neighborhood security. Reactions to Crime Project, Center for Urban Affairs, Northwestern University. Liska, A. E., Lawrence, J. J. and Sanchirico A. (1982). Fear of crime as a social fact. Social Forces, 60(3), 760-770. McGarrell, E. F., Giacomazzi, A. L. and Thurman, Q. C. (1997). Neighborhood disorder, integration, and the fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 14(3), 479-500. McNeeley, S. (2015). Lifestyle-routine activities and crime events. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(1), 30-52. Mühürcüoğlu, E. (2010). Bombalı intihar saldırısı sonucu oluşan suç korkusu üzerine bir vaka incelemesi: Ulus-Anafartalar çarşısı örneği. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Mythen, G., and Walklate, S. (2008). Terrorism, risk and international security: The perils of asking'what if?'. Security Dialogue, 39(2-3), 221-242. Mythen, G., and Walklate, S. (2006). Criminology and terrorism: Which thesis? Risk society or governmentality?. British Journal of Criminology, 46(3), 379-398. Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y. and Shapiro, R. Y. (2007). Post-9/11 terrorism threats, news coverage, and public perceptions in the United States. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 1(2), 105-126. Nellis, A. M. and Savage, J. (2012). Does watching the news affect fear of terrorism? The importance of media exposure on terrorism fear. Crime & Delinquency, 58(5), 748-768. Pain, R. and Smith, S. J. (2008). Fear: critical geopolitics and everyday life. In Fear: critical geopolitics and everyday life (p. 1- 24). Aldershot: Ashgate. Pain, R. (2009). Globalized fear? Towards an emotional geopolitics. Progress in Human Geography, 33(4), 466-486. Pain, R.H. (2010). The new geopolitics of fear. Geography Compass., 4 (3), 226-240. Pelletier, P. and Drozda-Senkowska, E. (2016). The Charlie Hebdo Terror Attack in Paris: Follow-up of French Citizens’ Terrorist Threat Perception and Its Aftermath. International Review of Social Psychology, 29(1). Policastro, C. (2013). Victimization of the elderly: An application of lifestyles/routine activities theory. Georgia State University. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cj_diss/1 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2017). Rubin, G. J., Brewin, C. R., Greenberg, N., Hughes, J. H., Simpson, J., and Wessely, S. (2007). Enduring consequences of terrorism: 7-month follow-up survey of reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(4), 350-356. Sanadjian, M. (2006). Fear, terror and the new global economy of salvation- global excess and ‘suicide’ bombing in London. Social Identities, 12(6), 701-725. Semmerling, T. J. (2008). Those “evil” Muslims! Orientalist fears in the narratives of the war on terror. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 28(2), 207-223. Skogan, W. (1986). Fear of crime and neighborhood change. Crime and justice, 8, 203-229. Taylor, R. B. and Hale, M. (1986). Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 77(1), 151- 189. Warr, M. (1990). Dengerous situations: social context and fear of victimization, Social Forces, 68, 891-907. Wilson, J. Q. And Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows. (p.1- 10). https://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2017). Wirth, L. (2002). Bir yaşam biçimi olarak kentlileşme. (Çev: B. Duru ve A. Alkan). B. Duru ve A. Alkan (Ed.), 20. yüzyıl kenti içinde (s.77- 106). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
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Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tuba Gün Çınğı This is me 0000-0001-8412-7364

Publication Date April 28, 2020
Submission Date September 23, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

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APA Gün Çınğı, T. (2020). KORKU MEKANLARI: TERÖR KORKUSUNUN MEKANSAL BOYUTU VE KAÇINMA DAVRANIŞI. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.728236

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Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Sociological Research

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