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KORKU FİLMİ İZLEME NEDENLERİNE İLİŞKİN AMPİRİK ÇALIŞMALARIN SİSTEMATİK BİR ANALİZİ

Year 2022, Issue: 90, 267 - 282, 28.03.2022

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, korku filmi izleme nedenlerini/deneyimlerini sorunsallaştıran alanyazına odaklanılmış ve mevcut yazın üzerinden sistematik bir analiz amaçlanmıştır. Bunun
için de Google Scholar ve PsycInfo veri tabanlarında ‘horror films’ kelimesi taratılarak
elde edilen verilerden yararlanılmıştır. Verilere erişilirken iki dâhil etme kriteri belirlenmiştir: Çalışmanın İngilizce dilinde ve hakemli dergilerde yayınlanmış olması ve başlığının ‘horror films”i içermesi. Korku türü dışındaki film türlerine maruz kalmayı ölçen
çalışmalar ise araştırmadan dışlanmıştır. Mevcut kriterler üzerinden toplam 42 çalışma
analize dâhil edilmiş; temel bulgular, korku filmi izlemeyi neden sevdiğimiz, korkunun
neden çekici geldiği, korku filmi tercihi ve bundan alınan zevk ile kişilik tipleri, cinsiyet
farklılıkları ve diğer bireysel farklılıklar arasında ilişki olup olmadığı, korku filmi izler-
ken korku duygumuzun nasıl geliştiği, açığa çıkan bu duyguyla nasıl başa çıktığımız,
korku filmi izlemenin psikolojik ve duygusal sonuçlarının neler olduğu ve korku filmine
maruz kalmakla ileri derecede meraklı olmak arasında bir ilişkiden söz etmenin mümkün
olup olmadığı sorularına yanıt sunması bakımından on bir parametre üzerinden katego-
rize edilmiştir: Kaosu kontrol etmek, benlik saygısı ve şaşırtıcı çözümler, cinsellik ve ceza
konusundaki tutumlar, duygulanım ihtiyacı, hayal kurma eğilimi, maruz kalma stratejisi,
bitiş türü tercihi, spoiler etkisi, cinsiyet değişkeni, film bitiminde yaşanan kalıcı hasarlar. Genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde korku filmi izleme psikolojisi üzerine yürütülen
ampirik çalışmaların yalnızca psikoloji, psikoterapi, iletişim çalışmaları, geliştirme çalışmaları, klinik psikoloji ve medya çalışmalarıyla ilişkili olarak değil, aynı zamanda bu
disiplinler arasında kurulan eklektik bağla geliştirildiği söylenebilir. Konuyla ilgili sınırlı
araştırma göz önüne alındığında bu analiz, mevcut bilgi durumunu özetlemenin ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için yönergeler geliştirmenin bir yolu olarak görülebilir.

References

  • Aker, H. (2021a). Bir konu (korku filmleri), iki soru: “Ne”den korkuyoruz ve bunu “neden” seviyoruz? S. Erdem (Editör). Medyada Korku Kültürü Üzerine Eleştirel Yaklaşımlar. Konya: Literatürk Academia, s.33-58’deki makale.
  • Aker, H. (Şubat, 2021b). Pandemi ile başa çıkma stratejisi olarak korku filmleri: sahanın sesleri ve bir öneri. 4th International Communication in the New World’de sunuldu, Tokyo.
  • Andersen, M. M., Kiverstein, J., Miller, M. and Roepstorff, A. (2021). Play in predictive minds: A cognitive theory of play. Web: https://psyarxiv.com/u86qy/ adresinden 10 Kasım 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Andersen, M. M., Schjoedt, U., Price, H., Rosas, F. E., Scrivner, C. and Clasen, M. (2020). Playing with fear: A field study in recreational horror. Psychol Science, 31(12), 1497-1510.
  • Ballon, B. and Leszcz, M. (2007). Horror films: Tales to master terror or shapers of trauma? American Journal Psychother, 61, 211-230.
  • Bartsch, A., Appel, M. and Storch, D. (2010). Predicting emotions and meta-emotions at the movies: The role of the need for affect in audiences’ experience of horror and drama. Communication Research, 37(2), 167-190.
  • Bateson, P. and Martin, P. (2013). Play, playfulness, creativity and innovation. USA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Berlyne,D.E.(1967). “Arousal and reinforcement” in Nebraska symposium on motivation. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Brymer, E., Feletti, F., Monasterio, E. and Schweitzer, R. (2020). Understanding extreme sports: A psychological perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-4.
  • Cantor, J. (2004). “I’ll never have a clown in my house”-Why movie horror lives on. Poetics Today, 25, 283-304.
  • Cantor, J., Ziemke, D. and Sparks G.G. (1984). Effect of forewarning on emotional responses to a horror film. Journal of Broadcasting, 28(1), 21-31.
  • Carroll, N. (2003). The philosophy of horror: Or, paradoxes of the heart. London: Routledge.
  • Clark, O. (2014). Games as a Service. Florida: CRC Press.
  • Clasen, M., Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, J. and Johnson, J. A. (2020). Horror, personality, and threat simulation: A survey on the psychology of scary media. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 14(3), 213-230.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. NewYork: HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Freud, S. (1919/1971). The uncanny (Transl.: J. Strachey) London: Hogarth.
  • Greene, K. and Krcmar, M. (2005). Predicting exposure to and liking of media violence: A uses and gratifications approach. Communication Studies, 56, 71-93.
  • Hall,A. E. and Bracken C. C. (2011). I really liked that movie. Journal Media Psychology, 23, 90-99.
  • Hoffner,C.A. andCantor,J.(1991). Factors affecting children’s enjoyment of a frightening film sequence. Communication Monographs, 58, 41-62.
  • Hoffner, C. A. and Levine, K. J. (2005). Enjoyment of mediated fright and violence: A meta-analysis. Media Psychology, 7(2), 207-237.
  • İnceoğlu, Ç. (2014a). Türkiye’de sinemayı konu alan doktora tezleri üzerine bibliyometrik bir çözümleme. Galatasaray İletişim Dergisi, 21(12), 31-50.
  • İnceoğlu, Ç. (2014b). Türkiye’de akademik sinema yazınının on yılı (2002-2011): Bibli- yometrik bir analiz. Selçuk İletişim, 8(3), 182-200.
  • Jirout, J. and Klahr, D. (2020). Questions-and some answers- About young children’s questions. Journal of Cognition and Development, 21(5), 729-753.
  • Johnson, B. K., Udvardi, A., Eden, A. and Rosenbaum, J. E. (2020). Spoilers go bump in the night: impacts of minor and major reveals on horror film enjoyment. Journal of Media Psychology, 32(1), 14-25.
  • Johnston, D. D. (1995). Adolescents’ motivations for viewing graphic horror. Hum. Communication Research, 21, 522-552.
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G. and Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratificationsresearch. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37, 509-523.
  • Kawin, B. F. (2012). Horror and the horror film. London: Anthem Press.
  • King, C. M. and Hourani, N. (2007). Don’t tease me: Effects of ending type on horror film enjoyment. Media Psychology, 9(3), 473-492.
  • Knobloch-Westerwick, S. and Keplinger,C.(2006): Mystery appeal:Effects of uncertainty and resolution on the enjoyment of mystery. Media Psychology, 8(3), 193-212.
  • Koç, Ç. (2020). Radyo, televizyon ve sinema anabilim dalındaki doktora tezleri üzerine bir içerik analizi. Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(33), 674-700.
  • Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 75-98.
  • Marriott, J. (2012). Horror films. London: Random House.
  • Martin, G. N. (2019). (Why) Do you like scary movies? a review of the empirical research on psychological responses to horror films. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article No. 2298.
  • Mathai, J. (1983). An acute anxiety state in an adolescent precipitated by viewing a horror movie. Journal of Adolescence, 6, 197-200.
  • Menninghaus, W., Wagner, V., Hanich, J., Wassiliwizky, E., Jacobsen, T. and Koelsch, S. (2017). The distancing-embracing model of the enjoyment of negative emotions in art reception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 40, 1-63.
  • Miller, M., Kiverstein, J. and Rietveld, E. (2020). Embodying addiction: A predictive processing account. Brain and Cognition, 138, Article No. 105495.
  • Mundorf, N., Weaver, J. and Zillmann, D. (1989). Effects of gender roles and self perceptions on affective reactions to horror films. Sex Roles, 20, 655-673.
  • Neuendorf, K. A. and Sparks, G.G. (1988). Predicting emotional responses to horror films from cue-specific affect. Communication Q., 36, 16-27.
  • Oliver, M. B. (1993a). Adolescents’ enjoyment of graphic horror: effects of viewers’ attitudes and portrayals of victim. Communication Research, 20, 30-50.
  • Oliver, M. B. (1993b). Exploring the paradox of the enjoyment of sad films. Hum. Communication Research, 19, 315-342.
  • Özpay, O. (2019). Türk korku sinemasına panoramik bir bakış ve ideolojik izdüşümleri. Akdeniz İletişim Dergisi, 32(12), 551-567.
  • Özpay, O. (2020).Türkiye’de korku sineması literatürü üzerine bir değerlendirme. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 18(36), 543-582.
  • Palmgreen, P. (1984). Uses and gratifications: a theoretical perspective. Annals of the International Communication Association, 8, 20-55.
  • Rozin, P., Guillot, L., Fincher, K., Rozin, A. and Tsukayama, E. (2013). Glad to be sad, and other examples of benign masochism, Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 439-447.
  • Sandseter, E.B. H. and Kennair, L. E. O.(2011).Children’srisky play froman evolutionary perspective: The anti-phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolutionary Psychology, 9(2), 257-284.
  • Schneider, S. J. (2004). Horror film and psychoanalysis: Freud’s worst nightmare. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Scrivner, C., Johnson, J. A., Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, J. and Clasen, M. (2021). Pandemic practice: Horror fans and morbidly curious individuals are more psychologically resilient during the covıd-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, Article No. 110397.
  • Sparks, G. G. (1991). The relationship between distress and delight in males’ and females’ reactions to frightening films. Human Communication Research, 17, 625-637.
  • Sparks, G. G. (1986). Developmental differences in children’s reports of fear induced by the mass media. Child Study J., 16, 55-66.
  • Sparks, G. G. and Spirek M. M. (1988). Individual differences in coping with stressful mass media: An activation-arousal view. Human Communication Research, 15, 195-216.
  • Stone, B. (2016). The sanctification of fear: images of the religiousin horror films. Journal of Religion Film, 5(2), Article No. 7.
  • Tamborini, R. (1991). Responding to horror: determinants of exposure and appeal. J. Bryant, and D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the Screen: Reception and Reaction Processes (305-328). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.
  • Tamborini, R., Salomonson K. and Bahk C. (1993). The relationship of empathy to comforting behavior following film exposure. Communication Research, 20(5), 723-738.
  • Tamborini, R. and Stiff, J. (1987). Predictors of horror film attendance and appeal: An analysis of the audience for frightening films. Communication Research, 14, 415-436.
  • Tamborini, R., Stiff, J. and Heidel, C. (1990). Reacting to graphic horror: A model of empathy and emotional behavior. Communication Research, 17, 616-640.
  • Tamborini, R., Stiff, J. and Zillmann, D. (1987). Preference for graphic horror featuring male versus female victimization: personality and past film viewing experiences. Human Communication Research, 13, 529-552.
  • Weaver, A. J. (2011). Ameta-analytical review of selective exposure to and the enjoyment of media violence. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55, 232-250.
  • Weiss, A. J., Imrich, D. J. and Wilson, B. J. (1993). Prior exposure to creatures from a horror film: live versus photographic representations. Human Communication Research, 20, 41-66.
  • Zillmann, D. (1996). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition, in Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations. Eds: P. Vorderer, H. J. Wulff, and M. Friedrichsen, New York: Routledge.
  • Zillmann, D., Hay, T. A. and Bryant, J. (1975). The effect of suspense and its resolution on the appreciation of dramatic presentations. Journal of Research in Personality, 9, 307-323.
  • Zuckerman, M. (1979). Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 245-287.
Year 2022, Issue: 90, 267 - 282, 28.03.2022

Abstract

References

  • Aker, H. (2021a). Bir konu (korku filmleri), iki soru: “Ne”den korkuyoruz ve bunu “neden” seviyoruz? S. Erdem (Editör). Medyada Korku Kültürü Üzerine Eleştirel Yaklaşımlar. Konya: Literatürk Academia, s.33-58’deki makale.
  • Aker, H. (Şubat, 2021b). Pandemi ile başa çıkma stratejisi olarak korku filmleri: sahanın sesleri ve bir öneri. 4th International Communication in the New World’de sunuldu, Tokyo.
  • Andersen, M. M., Kiverstein, J., Miller, M. and Roepstorff, A. (2021). Play in predictive minds: A cognitive theory of play. Web: https://psyarxiv.com/u86qy/ adresinden 10 Kasım 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Andersen, M. M., Schjoedt, U., Price, H., Rosas, F. E., Scrivner, C. and Clasen, M. (2020). Playing with fear: A field study in recreational horror. Psychol Science, 31(12), 1497-1510.
  • Ballon, B. and Leszcz, M. (2007). Horror films: Tales to master terror or shapers of trauma? American Journal Psychother, 61, 211-230.
  • Bartsch, A., Appel, M. and Storch, D. (2010). Predicting emotions and meta-emotions at the movies: The role of the need for affect in audiences’ experience of horror and drama. Communication Research, 37(2), 167-190.
  • Bateson, P. and Martin, P. (2013). Play, playfulness, creativity and innovation. USA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Berlyne,D.E.(1967). “Arousal and reinforcement” in Nebraska symposium on motivation. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Brymer, E., Feletti, F., Monasterio, E. and Schweitzer, R. (2020). Understanding extreme sports: A psychological perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-4.
  • Cantor, J. (2004). “I’ll never have a clown in my house”-Why movie horror lives on. Poetics Today, 25, 283-304.
  • Cantor, J., Ziemke, D. and Sparks G.G. (1984). Effect of forewarning on emotional responses to a horror film. Journal of Broadcasting, 28(1), 21-31.
  • Carroll, N. (2003). The philosophy of horror: Or, paradoxes of the heart. London: Routledge.
  • Clark, O. (2014). Games as a Service. Florida: CRC Press.
  • Clasen, M., Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, J. and Johnson, J. A. (2020). Horror, personality, and threat simulation: A survey on the psychology of scary media. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 14(3), 213-230.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. NewYork: HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Freud, S. (1919/1971). The uncanny (Transl.: J. Strachey) London: Hogarth.
  • Greene, K. and Krcmar, M. (2005). Predicting exposure to and liking of media violence: A uses and gratifications approach. Communication Studies, 56, 71-93.
  • Hall,A. E. and Bracken C. C. (2011). I really liked that movie. Journal Media Psychology, 23, 90-99.
  • Hoffner,C.A. andCantor,J.(1991). Factors affecting children’s enjoyment of a frightening film sequence. Communication Monographs, 58, 41-62.
  • Hoffner, C. A. and Levine, K. J. (2005). Enjoyment of mediated fright and violence: A meta-analysis. Media Psychology, 7(2), 207-237.
  • İnceoğlu, Ç. (2014a). Türkiye’de sinemayı konu alan doktora tezleri üzerine bibliyometrik bir çözümleme. Galatasaray İletişim Dergisi, 21(12), 31-50.
  • İnceoğlu, Ç. (2014b). Türkiye’de akademik sinema yazınının on yılı (2002-2011): Bibli- yometrik bir analiz. Selçuk İletişim, 8(3), 182-200.
  • Jirout, J. and Klahr, D. (2020). Questions-and some answers- About young children’s questions. Journal of Cognition and Development, 21(5), 729-753.
  • Johnson, B. K., Udvardi, A., Eden, A. and Rosenbaum, J. E. (2020). Spoilers go bump in the night: impacts of minor and major reveals on horror film enjoyment. Journal of Media Psychology, 32(1), 14-25.
  • Johnston, D. D. (1995). Adolescents’ motivations for viewing graphic horror. Hum. Communication Research, 21, 522-552.
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G. and Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratificationsresearch. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37, 509-523.
  • Kawin, B. F. (2012). Horror and the horror film. London: Anthem Press.
  • King, C. M. and Hourani, N. (2007). Don’t tease me: Effects of ending type on horror film enjoyment. Media Psychology, 9(3), 473-492.
  • Knobloch-Westerwick, S. and Keplinger,C.(2006): Mystery appeal:Effects of uncertainty and resolution on the enjoyment of mystery. Media Psychology, 8(3), 193-212.
  • Koç, Ç. (2020). Radyo, televizyon ve sinema anabilim dalındaki doktora tezleri üzerine bir içerik analizi. Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(33), 674-700.
  • Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 75-98.
  • Marriott, J. (2012). Horror films. London: Random House.
  • Martin, G. N. (2019). (Why) Do you like scary movies? a review of the empirical research on psychological responses to horror films. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article No. 2298.
  • Mathai, J. (1983). An acute anxiety state in an adolescent precipitated by viewing a horror movie. Journal of Adolescence, 6, 197-200.
  • Menninghaus, W., Wagner, V., Hanich, J., Wassiliwizky, E., Jacobsen, T. and Koelsch, S. (2017). The distancing-embracing model of the enjoyment of negative emotions in art reception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 40, 1-63.
  • Miller, M., Kiverstein, J. and Rietveld, E. (2020). Embodying addiction: A predictive processing account. Brain and Cognition, 138, Article No. 105495.
  • Mundorf, N., Weaver, J. and Zillmann, D. (1989). Effects of gender roles and self perceptions on affective reactions to horror films. Sex Roles, 20, 655-673.
  • Neuendorf, K. A. and Sparks, G.G. (1988). Predicting emotional responses to horror films from cue-specific affect. Communication Q., 36, 16-27.
  • Oliver, M. B. (1993a). Adolescents’ enjoyment of graphic horror: effects of viewers’ attitudes and portrayals of victim. Communication Research, 20, 30-50.
  • Oliver, M. B. (1993b). Exploring the paradox of the enjoyment of sad films. Hum. Communication Research, 19, 315-342.
  • Özpay, O. (2019). Türk korku sinemasına panoramik bir bakış ve ideolojik izdüşümleri. Akdeniz İletişim Dergisi, 32(12), 551-567.
  • Özpay, O. (2020).Türkiye’de korku sineması literatürü üzerine bir değerlendirme. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 18(36), 543-582.
  • Palmgreen, P. (1984). Uses and gratifications: a theoretical perspective. Annals of the International Communication Association, 8, 20-55.
  • Rozin, P., Guillot, L., Fincher, K., Rozin, A. and Tsukayama, E. (2013). Glad to be sad, and other examples of benign masochism, Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 439-447.
  • Sandseter, E.B. H. and Kennair, L. E. O.(2011).Children’srisky play froman evolutionary perspective: The anti-phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolutionary Psychology, 9(2), 257-284.
  • Schneider, S. J. (2004). Horror film and psychoanalysis: Freud’s worst nightmare. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Scrivner, C., Johnson, J. A., Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, J. and Clasen, M. (2021). Pandemic practice: Horror fans and morbidly curious individuals are more psychologically resilient during the covıd-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, Article No. 110397.
  • Sparks, G. G. (1991). The relationship between distress and delight in males’ and females’ reactions to frightening films. Human Communication Research, 17, 625-637.
  • Sparks, G. G. (1986). Developmental differences in children’s reports of fear induced by the mass media. Child Study J., 16, 55-66.
  • Sparks, G. G. and Spirek M. M. (1988). Individual differences in coping with stressful mass media: An activation-arousal view. Human Communication Research, 15, 195-216.
  • Stone, B. (2016). The sanctification of fear: images of the religiousin horror films. Journal of Religion Film, 5(2), Article No. 7.
  • Tamborini, R. (1991). Responding to horror: determinants of exposure and appeal. J. Bryant, and D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the Screen: Reception and Reaction Processes (305-328). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.
  • Tamborini, R., Salomonson K. and Bahk C. (1993). The relationship of empathy to comforting behavior following film exposure. Communication Research, 20(5), 723-738.
  • Tamborini, R. and Stiff, J. (1987). Predictors of horror film attendance and appeal: An analysis of the audience for frightening films. Communication Research, 14, 415-436.
  • Tamborini, R., Stiff, J. and Heidel, C. (1990). Reacting to graphic horror: A model of empathy and emotional behavior. Communication Research, 17, 616-640.
  • Tamborini, R., Stiff, J. and Zillmann, D. (1987). Preference for graphic horror featuring male versus female victimization: personality and past film viewing experiences. Human Communication Research, 13, 529-552.
  • Weaver, A. J. (2011). Ameta-analytical review of selective exposure to and the enjoyment of media violence. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55, 232-250.
  • Weiss, A. J., Imrich, D. J. and Wilson, B. J. (1993). Prior exposure to creatures from a horror film: live versus photographic representations. Human Communication Research, 20, 41-66.
  • Zillmann, D. (1996). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition, in Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations. Eds: P. Vorderer, H. J. Wulff, and M. Friedrichsen, New York: Routledge.
  • Zillmann, D., Hay, T. A. and Bryant, J. (1975). The effect of suspense and its resolution on the appreciation of dramatic presentations. Journal of Research in Personality, 9, 307-323.
  • Zuckerman, M. (1979). Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 245-287.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hacer Aker

Publication Date March 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 90

Cite

APA Aker, H. (2022). KORKU FİLMİ İZLEME NEDENLERİNE İLİŞKİN AMPİRİK ÇALIŞMALARIN SİSTEMATİK BİR ANALİZİ. EKEV Akademi Dergisi(90), 267-282.