INVESTIGATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND CYBERVICTIMIZATION SITUATIONS IN ADOLESCENTS IN TERMS OF COPING AND ALEXITHYMIA

Year 2022, Issue: 90, 59 - 78, 28.03.2022

Bünyamin Ateş Alican Kaya

Abstract

This study examines the adolescents' cyberbullying and victimization situations in
terms of coping and alexithymia. The research group consisted of 420 students, 207
female, and 213 male, studying in the province of Ağrı in the 2018-2019 academic year.
Cyberbullying and Victimization Scale, Coping Scale, Alexithymia Scale, and Personal
Information Form were used to collect the data. Descriptive statistical measures
(frequency and percentages) multiple regression analyses were used in the study. As a
result of the research, adolescents' coping strategies significantly predicted cyberbullying
and cybervictimization. Besides, alexithymia significantly predicted cyberbullying and
victimization.

Keywords

Cyberbullying, Cybervictimization, Alexithymia, Coping, Adolescents.

References

• Akca, E. B. and Sayımer, İ. (2017). Siber zorbalık kavramı, türleri ve ilişkili olduğu faktörler: Mevcut araştırmalar üzerinden bir değerlendirme. AJIT-e: Bilişim Teknolojileri Online Dergisi, 8(30),7-19. https://doi.org/10.5824/13091581.201 7.5.001.x
• Ang, R. P. and Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(4), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3
• Arıcak, O. T., Tanrıkulu, T. and Kınay, H. (2012). Siber mağduriyet ölçeği’nin ilk psikometrik bulguları. Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11, 1-6.
• Aricak, T., Siyahhan, S., Uzunhasanoglu, A., Saribeyoglu, S., Ciplak, S., Yilmaz, N. and Memmedov,C.(2008).CyberbullyingamongTurkishadolescents. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 11(3), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0016
• Ates, B., Kaya, A., and Tunç, E. (2018). The ınvestigation of predictors of cyberbullying and cyber victimization in adolescents. International Journal of Progressive Education, 14(5), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2018.157.9
• Bedel, A., Işık, E. and Hamarta, E. (2014). Ergenler için başa çıkma ölçeğinin (ebçö) geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(176),227-235. https://doi. org/10.15390/EB.2014.3501
• Besag, V. E. (1989). Bullies and victims in schools. United Kingdom: Open University Press.
• Blumenfeld, W. J. and Cooper, R. M. (2010). Lgbt and allied youth responses to cyberbullying: Policy implications. The International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3(1), 114-133.
• Can,S.(2002). “Aggression questionnaire” adlı ölçeğin Türk popülasyonunda geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Unpublished Dissertation Thesis, İstanbul: Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi Haydarpaşa Eğitim Hastanesi Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Servis Şefliği.
• Carver, C. S. and Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual review of psychology, 61, 679-704. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
• Ceyhan, A. A. (2011). İnternet kullanma temel nedenlerine göre üniversite öğrencilerinin problemli internet kullanımı ve algıladıkları iletişim beceri düzeyleri. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 11(1), 59-77.
• Chan, H. C. and Wong, D. S. (2019). Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying perpetration: Examining the psychosocial characteristics of Hong Kong male and female adolescents. Youth & Society, 51(1), 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0044118X16658053
• Chan, H. C. O. and Wong, D. S. (2017). Coping with cyberbullying victimization: An exploratory study ofChinese adolescentsin Hong Kong. International Journal Of Law, Crime and Justice, 50, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.04.003
• Çelebi,B.M. andPolat,A.(2019).Çocukluk çağıtravmatik yaşantıların, yetişkin bağlanma stillerinin ve psikolojik iyi oluşun evlilik doyumu üzerindeki etkisi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 29-34.
• Çetin, B., Yaman, E. and Peker, A. (2011). Cyber victim and bullying scale: A study of validity and reliability. Computers & Education, 57(4), 2261-2271. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.014
• Dereboy, İ. F. (1990). Aleksitimi öz bildirim ölçeklerinin psikometrik özellikleri üzerine bir çalışma. Yayınlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Hacettepe Üniver- sitesi.
• Duyan, M. and Yildiz, S. M. (2019). The effect of mobbıng behavior on athlete burnout: A study on university students participating in the universities futsal league. European Journal of Education Studies, 5(10), 177-185.
• Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I., Baillien, E. and De Witte, H. (2018). Positive or negative spirals of online behavior? Exploring reciprocal associations between being the actor and the recipient of prosocial and antisocial behavior online. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3437-3456. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144481774951 8
• Eryılmaz, A. (2009). The mediating role of coping with strategies the between adolescent personality traits and subjective well-being. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertat, Ankara: The Institute of Education Sciences.
• Folkman, S. and Lazarus, R. S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping (p. 460). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
• Folkman, S. and Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(3), 466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.54.3.466
• Freyberger, H. (1977). Supportive psychotherapeutic techniquesin primary and secondary alexithymia. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 28(1-4), 337-342. https://doi. org/10.1159/000287080
• Gaffney, H., Farrington, D. P., Espelage, D. L. and Ttofi, M. M. (2019). Are cyberbullying intervention and prevention programs effective?Asystematic andmeta-analytical review. Aggression and violent behavior, 45, 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.avb.2018.07.002
• Garaigordobil, M. & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2017). Stress, competence, and parental educational styles in victims and aggressors of bullying and cyberbullying. Psicothema, 29(3), 335-340.
• Graziano, R. C., Bruce, S. E., Paul, R. H., Korgaonkar, M. S. and Williams, L. M. (2019). The effects of bullying in depression on white matter integrity. Behavioural brain research, 363, 149-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.054
• Guarini,A., Menin, D., Menabò, L. and Brighi,A. (2019). RPC teacher-based program for improving coping strategies to deal with cyberbullying. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(6), 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph16060948
• Güleç, H., Köse, S., Güleç, M. Y., Çitak, S., Evren, C., Borckardt, J. and Sayar, K. (2009). Reliability and factorial validity of the Turkish version of the 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20). Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni, 19(3), 214.
• Hoff,D.L.&Mitchell,S.N.(2009).Cyberbullying:Causes, effects, and remedies. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 652-665. https://doi.org/10.1108/095782 30910981107
• Horzum, M. B., Ayas, T., Randler, C. and Düşünceli, B. (2021). The effects of empathy and circadian preference on cyberbullying of adolescents in Turkey. Biological Rhythm Research, 52(5), 781-794. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2019.1603 839
• Hudson Jr, D. L. (2016). Is cyberbullying free speech. ABAJ, 102, 18.
• Hughes, R., Kinder, A. and Cooper, C. L. (2019). Living with depression. In the wellbeing workout (pp. 139-143). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-319-92552-3_24
• Işık, E. andBedel,A.(2015). Ergenlerde başa çıkma stratejileri ile öznel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (34), 53-60.
• Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi
• Kırşehirli, M. (2011). Zihinsel engelli çocuklara öz bakım becerilerinin şarkı yoluyla öğretilmesi. Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bolu: Abant İzzet Baysal Üniver- sitesi.
• Koçak, R. (2002). Aleksitimi: Kuramsal çerçeve tedavi yaklaşımları ve ilgili araştırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(1), 183- 212. https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000000056
• Leemis, R. W., Espelage, D. L., Basile, K. C., Mercer Kollar, L. M. and Davis, J. P. (2019). Traditional and cyber bullying and sexual harassment: A longitudinal assessment of risk and protective factors. Aggressive behavior, 45(2), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21808
• Li, M., Fu, R., Xue, H. and Wang, Y. (2019). Intergenerational association of maternal obesity and child peer victimization in the United States. Journal of health and social behavior, 60(1), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146518824566
• M. Kommescher, M. Wagner, V. Putzfeld, J. Berning, B. Janssen, P. Decker, R. Bott lender, H.J. Möller, W. Gaebel, W. Maier, J. Klosterkötter and A. Bechdolf (2016). Coping as a predictor of treatment outcome in people at clinical high risk of psychosis. Early intervention in psychiatry, 10(1), 17-27. https://doi. org/10.1111/eip.12130
• Metin, K. E. (2017). Ortaokul öğretmenlerinin siber zorbalık yaşama düzeyleri ve siber zorbalıkla başa çıkma stratejileri. Eğitim ve Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 33-49.
• Mukherjee,S.,Sinha,D.,De,A.,Misra,R.,Pal,A. andMondal,T.K.(2019).Cyberbullying among late adolescent: A cross-sectional study in two higher secondary schools of Kolkata, West Bengal. Indian journal of public health, 63(1), 86. https://doi. org/10.4103/ijph.IJPH_92_18
• Myers, M. G., Brown, S. A. and Mott, M. A. (1993). Coping as a predictor of adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Journal of Substance Abuse, 5(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-3289(93)90120-Z
• Olweus, D. (1993). Acoso escolar,“bullying”, en las escuelas: hechos e intervenciones. Centro de investigación para la Promoción de la Salud, Universidad de Bergen, Noruega, 2, 1-23.
• Olweus, D., Catalano, R. and Slee, P. (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross- national perspective. Psychology Press.
• Pala, A. (2008). Öğretmen adaylarının empati kurma düzeyleri üzerine bir araştırma. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(23), 13-23.
• Patchin,J. W. and Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the school yard:Apreliminary look at cyber bullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288
• Pearlin, L. I. and Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of health and social behavior, 2-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136319
• Pereira, F., Spitzberg, B. H. and Matos, M. (2016). Cyber-harassment victimization in Portugal: Prevalence, fear and help-seeking among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.039
• Price, M. and Dalgleish, J. (2010). Cyberbullying: Experiences, impacts and coping strategies asdescribedbyAustralianyoungpeople. Youth Studies Australia, 29(2), 51-59.
• Roland, E. and Munthe, E. (2017). Bullying (1989): An international perspective. Routledge.
• Sayar, K., Bilen, A. and Arıkan, M. (2001). Kronik ağrı hastalarında öfke, benlik saygısı ve aleksitimi. Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2(1), 36-42.
• Sjursø, I. R., Fandrem, H. and Roland, E. (2016). Emotional problems in traditional and cyber victimization. Journal of School Violence, 15(1), 114-131. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15388220.2014.996718
• Slonje, R., Smith, P. K. and Frisén, A. (2012). Processes of cyberbullying, and feelings of remorse by bullies: A pilot study. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 244-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.643670
• Smith, P. K. (2019). Research on cyberbullying: strengths and limitations. H. Vandebosc h, L. Green (Eds.), In Narratives in research and interventions on cyberbullying among young people, (pp. 9–27). Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030- 04960-7_2
• Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. and Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 7610.2007.01846.x
• Sorrentino, A., Baldry, A. C., Farrington, D. P. and Blaya, C. (2019). Epidemiology of cyberbullying across Europe: Differences between countries and genders. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 19(2), 74-91.
• Spira, A. P., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H. and Feldner, M. T. (2004). Avoidance- oriented coping as a predictor of panic-related distress: A test using biological challenge. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(3), 309-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0887-6185(02)00249-9
• Spirito, A., Stark, L. J. and Williams, C. (1988). Development of a brief coping checklist for use with pediatric populations. Journal of pediatric psychology, 13(4), 555- 574. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/13.4.555
• Stanton, A. L., Danoff-burg, S. and Huggins, M. E. (2002). The first year after breast cancer diagnosis: hope and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment. Psycho- Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer, 11(2), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.574
• Şata, M. (2020). Nicel araştırma yaklaşımları. Oğuz, E.(Ed.). Eğitimde araştırma yöntemleri içinde (s:77-97). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
• Taylor, G. J., Parker, J. D. & Bagby, R. M. (1997). Relationships between alexithymia and related constructs. The (non) expression of emotions in health and disease, 103-114.
• Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis ofresearch on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in human behavior, 26(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
• Turan,M.E.(2021).Empathy and video game addiction in adolescents:serialmediation by psychologicalresilience andlife satisfaction. International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(4), 282-296. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2021.366.17
• Tümlü, G. Ü. and Recepoğlu, E. (2013). Üniversite akademik personelinin psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki. Journal of Higher Education & Science, 3(3), 205-213. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3123
• Uzun, K. and Karataş, Z. (2019). Okul tükenmişliğinin yordayıcısı olarak akran zorbalığı ve siber mağduriyet. Journal of International Social Research, 12(62).
• Ünlü, S., Tuna, Y., Özbaş Anbarlı, Z. and Tosunay, D. (2019). Ergenlerde empati ve siber zorbalık-siber mağduriyet ilişkisi: Eskişehir’de özel okul öğrencilerine yönelik bir araştırma. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 38-58.
• Vandebosch, H. and Van Cleemput, K. (2009). Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and victims. New media & society, 11(8), 1349-1371. https://doi.org/1 0.1177/1461444809341263
• Völlink,T.,Bolman,C.A., Dehue, F. and Jacobs, N.C.(2013).Coping with cyberbullying: Differences between victims, bully-victims and children not involved in bullying. Journal of community & applied social psychology, 23(1), 7-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2142
• Wang,J.,Iannotti,R.J.,Luk,J.W. andNansel,T.R.(2010).Co-occurrence of victimization from five subtypes of bullying: Physical, verbal, social exclusion, spreading rumors, and cyber. Journal of pediatric psychology, 35(10), 1103-1112. https:// doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsq048
• Way, I., Yelsma, P., Van Meter, A. M. and Black-Pond, C. (2007). Understanding alexithymia and language skills in children. Implications for assessment and intervention, 38(2), 128-139. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2007/013)
• Wong, D. S., Chan, H. C. O. and Cheng, C. H. (2014). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among adolescents in Hong Kong. Children and youth services review, 36, 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.11.006
• Ybarra, M. L. (2004). Linkages between depressive symptomatology and internet harassment among young regular internet users. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(2), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493104323024500
• Yersel, B. Ö. and Durualp, E. (2019). İşitme engeli ve dil konuşma bozukluğu olan çocukların annelerinin sosyal destek algıları. Bilim Eğitim Sanat ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 3(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bestdergi/is- sue/40454/426359
• Zackheim, L. (2007). Alexithymia: The expanding realm of research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63(4), 345–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jpsychores.2007.08.011
• Ziermans, T., de Bruijn, Y., Dijkhuis, R., Staal, W. and Swaab, H. (2019). Impairments in cognitive empathy and alexithymia occur independently of executive functioning in college students with autism. Autism, 23(6), 1519-1530. https://doi.org/10.11 77/1362361318817716