DETERMINATION OF INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY AND ANXIETY LEVELS OF EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT WORKERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Year 2024,
Issue: 98, 184 - 195, 30.06.2024
Oguzhan Tiryaki
,
Elif Tiryaki
,
Birsel Canan Demirbağ
Abstract
The intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety affects both the work and the personal lives of emergency workers. To determine the intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety levels of emergency department (ED) worker who are at the forefront against the COVID-19 pandemic and have a high risk of infection. The research was designed as cross-sectional type. Data were collected by using an online survey method with 80 personnel working in a city hospital emergency department. Employee information form, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12), and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) were used in the research. It was seen that participants' ISU-12 score was 40.66 ±9.87 on average, and CAS score was 9.23±4.53 on average. It was determined that the participants' intolerance to uncertainty was moderate, but their coronavirus anxiety was high. A substantial, low positive correlation has been identified between the levels of intolerance to uncertainty and coronavirus anxiety levels of emergency department worker. The uncertainty and anxiety levels of emergency department workers are very important for both patient outcomes and the working life of the staff. In Turkey, hospital administrations are required to develop procedures to evaluate this situation for emergency department personnel. It can be seen that the uncertainties experienced by emergency department worker during the Covid-19 period appear to increase their anxiety levels.
References
- Aksoy, Y. E., & Koçak, V. (2020). Psychological effects of nurses and midwives due to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(5), 427-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.011
- Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Research methods in social sciences, SPSS applied. Sakarya.
- Alwani, S., Majeed, M., Hirwani, M., Rauf, S., Saad, S., Shah, H., & Hamirani, F. (2020). Evaluation of knowledge, practices, attitude and anxiety of Pakistan’s nurses towards COVID-19 during the current outbreak in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Public Health, 10(2), 882-90. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.05.20123703
- Anderson, K. G., Dugas, M. J., Koerner, N., Radomsky, A. S., Savard, P., & Turcotte, J. (2012). Interpretive style and intolerance of uncertainty in individuals with anxiety disorders: A focus on generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(8), 823-832. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.08.003
- Beidel, D. C., Bulik, C. M., & Stanley, M. A. (2014). Abnormal psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach (4th ed.). Pearson.
- Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., & Demir, H. (2020). Coronavirus anxiety scale short form: Turkish validity and reliability study. Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(Special Issue 1), 216-225. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.731092
- Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., & Carleton, R. N. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty and adult separation anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2014.888755
- Carleton, R., Duranceau, S., Freeston, M., Boelen, P., McCabe, R., & Antony, M. (2014). “But it might be a heart attack”: Intolerance of uncertainty and panic disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 463-470.
- Carleton, R. N., Sharpe, D., & Asmundson, G. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty: Requisites of the fundamental fears? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2307-2316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.006
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Cikrikci Işik, G., & Cevik, Y. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on visits of an urban emergency department. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 42(5), 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.011
- Çikrikçi Işik, G., Tandoğan, M., Şafak, T., & Çevik, Y. (2020). Retrospective analyses of frequent emergency department users. Eurasian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19(2), 89-93. https://doi.org/10.4274/eajem.galenos.2019.07108
- Duman, N. (2020). Covid-19 fear and intolerance to uncertainty in university students. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.748404
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioural, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191.
- Göksoy, B., Akça, M. T., & Inanç, Ö. F. (2020). The impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on emergency department visits of surgical patients. Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery: TJTES, 26(5), 685-692. https://doi.org/10.14744/etd.2020.67927
- Hooley, J. M., Butcher, J. N., Matthew, K. N., & Mineka, S. (2016). Abnormal psychology (17th ed.). Pearson Education.
- Hossain, M. M., Tasnim, S., Sultana, A., Faizah, F., Mazumder, H., Zou, L., . . . Ma, P. (2020). Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: A review. F1000Research, 9, 636. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24457.1
- Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. The Journal of Hospital İnfection, 104(3), 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
- Labrague, L. J., & McEnroe-Petitte, D. M. (2018). Job stress in new nurses during the transition period: an integrative review. International Nursing Review, 65(4), 491-504. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12425
- Lazzari, C., Shoka, A., Nusair, A., & Rabottini, M. (2020). Psychiatry in time of COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(2), 229-235. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.229
- Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268
- Legido-Quigley, H., Asgari, N., Teo, Y. Y., Leung, G. M., Oshitani, H., Fukuda, K., . . . Heymann, D. (2020). Are high-performing health systems resilient against the COVID-19 epidemic? Lancet, 395(10227), 848-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30551-1
- Li, G., Miao, J., Wang, H., Xu, S., Sun, W., Fan, Y., . . . Wang, W. (2020). Psychological impact on women health workers involved in COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 91(8), 895-897. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323134
- Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder-Smith, A., & Rocklöv, J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2), taaa021. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa021
- Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
- McEvoy, P., & Mahoney, A. (2011). Achieving certainty about the structure of intolerance of uncertainty in a treatment-seeking sample with anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 112-122.
- Miranda, R., Fontes, M., & Marroquin, B. (2008). Cognitive content-specificity in future expectancies: Role of hopelessness and intolerance of uncertainty in depression and GAD symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1151-1159.
- Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., . . . Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014
- Nuñez, J. H., Sallent, A., Lakhani, K., Guerra-Farfan, E., Vidal, N., Ekhtiari, S., & Minguell, J. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an emergency traumatology service: Experience at a tertiary trauma centre in Spain. Injury, 51(7), 1414-1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2020.05.016
- Pahlevan Sharif, S., Ahadzadeh, A. S., & Sharif Nia, H. (2018). Mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between organizational support and nurses' outcomes: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(4), 887-899. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13501
- Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Nikopoulou, V. A., Sereslis, K., Athanasiadou, M., Godosidis, A., . . . Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and loneliness in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842
- Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017
- Pulia, M. S., O'Brien, T. P., Hou, P. C., Schuman, A., & Sambursky, R. (2020). Multi-tiered screening and diagnosis strategy for COVID-19: A model for sustainable testing capacity in response to pandemic. Annals of Medicine, 52(5), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2020.1763449
- Sabino-Silva, R., Jardim, A. C. G., & Siqueira, W. L. (2020). Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clinical Oral Investigations, 24(4), 1619-1621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x
- Sarıçam, H., Deveci, M., & Ahmetoğlu, E. (2020). Examination of hope, intolerance of uncertainty and resilience levels in parents having disabled children. Global Journal of Psychology Research New Trends and Issues, 10(1), 118-131. https://doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v10i1.4398
- Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, A., Griffiths, M., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(5), 2731-2742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0
- Setia, M. S. (2023). Cross-sectional studies. In A. L. Nichols & J. Edlund (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of research methods and statistics for the social and behavioural sciences: Building a program of research (pp. 269–291). Cambridge University Press.
- Shamasunder, S., Holmes, S. M., Goronga, T., Carrasco, H., Katz, E., Frankfurter, R., & Keshavjee, S. (2020). COVID-19 reveals weak health systems by design: Why we must re-make global health in this historic moment. Global Public Health, 15(7), 1083-1089. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1760915
- Smith, B. M., Twohy, A. J., & Smith, G. S. (2020). Psychological inflexibility and intolerance of uncertainty moderate the relationship between social isolation and mental health outcomes during COVID-19. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18(2020), 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.005
- Sultana, A., Sharma, R., Hossain, M. M., Bhattacharya, S., & Purohit, N. (2020). Burnout among healthcare providers during COVID-19: Challenges and evidence-based interventions. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 5(4), 308-311. https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.73
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
- Temsah, M. H., Al-Sohime, F., Alamro, N., Al-Eyadhy, A., Al-Hasan, K., Jamal, A., . . . Somily, A. M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in a MERS-CoV endemic country. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(6), 877-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.021
- Tull, M. T., Barbano, A. C., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Edmonds, K. A., Rose, J. P., & Gratz, K. L. (2020). The prospective influence of COVID-19 affective risk assessments and intolerance of uncertainty on later dimensions of health anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75, 102290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102290
- Usul, E., Şan, I., & Bekgöz, B. (2020). The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anxiety level of emergency medical services professionals. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(3-4), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.563
- Yook, K., Kim, K., Suh, S., & Lee, K. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(623-628).
- Zhang, X., Jiang, Z., Yuan, X., Wang, Y., Huang, D., Hu, R., . . . Chen, F. (2020). Nurses reports of actual work hours and preferred work hours per shift among frontline nurses during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 111, 103635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103635
COVID-19 Pandemisinde Acil Servis Çalışanlarının Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük ve Anksiyete Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi
Year 2024,
Issue: 98, 184 - 195, 30.06.2024
Oguzhan Tiryaki
,
Elif Tiryaki
,
Birsel Canan Demirbağ
Abstract
Belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve anksiyete, acil servis çalışanlarının hem işlerini hem de kişisel yaşamlarını etkilemektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı COVID-19 salgınına karşı ön saflarda yer alan ve enfeksiyon riski yüksek olan acil servis (AS) çalışanlarının belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve anksiyete düzeylerini belirlemektir. Araştırma kesitsel tipte tasarlanmıştır. Veriler bir devlet hastanesi acil servisinde çalışan 80 personelden online anket yöntemi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırmada kişisel bilgi formu, Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği (IUS-12) ve Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği (CAS) kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların IUS-12 puanının ortalama 40,66±9,87, CAS puanının ise ortalama 9,23±4,53 olduğu görülmüştür. Katılımcıların belirsizliğe karşı tahammülsüzlüklerinin orta düzeyde olduğu ancak koronavirüs anksiyetelerinin yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Acil servis çalışanlarının belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük düzeyleri ile koronavirüs anksiyete düzeyleri arasında anlamlı, zayıf ve pozitif (doğrusal) bir ilişkinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Acil servis çalışanlarının belirsizlik ve anksiyete düzeyleri hem hasta hem de çalışanların hayatı açısından oldukça önemlidir. Türkiye’de hastane yönetimlerinin acil servis çalışanları için bu durumu değerlendirebilecek bazı prosedürler geliştirmesi gerekmektedir. Acil servis çalışanlarının COVID-19 döneminde yaşadığı belirsizliklerin anksiyete düzeylerini artırdığı görülmektedir.
Ethical Statement
Araştırmanın yapılabilmesi için yerel etik kuruldan izin alınmıştır.
Supporting Institution
Araştırma herhangi bir kurum tarafından desteklenmemiştir.
References
- Aksoy, Y. E., & Koçak, V. (2020). Psychological effects of nurses and midwives due to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(5), 427-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.011
- Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Research methods in social sciences, SPSS applied. Sakarya.
- Alwani, S., Majeed, M., Hirwani, M., Rauf, S., Saad, S., Shah, H., & Hamirani, F. (2020). Evaluation of knowledge, practices, attitude and anxiety of Pakistan’s nurses towards COVID-19 during the current outbreak in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Public Health, 10(2), 882-90. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.05.20123703
- Anderson, K. G., Dugas, M. J., Koerner, N., Radomsky, A. S., Savard, P., & Turcotte, J. (2012). Interpretive style and intolerance of uncertainty in individuals with anxiety disorders: A focus on generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(8), 823-832. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.08.003
- Beidel, D. C., Bulik, C. M., & Stanley, M. A. (2014). Abnormal psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach (4th ed.). Pearson.
- Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., & Demir, H. (2020). Coronavirus anxiety scale short form: Turkish validity and reliability study. Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(Special Issue 1), 216-225. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.731092
- Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., & Carleton, R. N. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty and adult separation anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2014.888755
- Carleton, R., Duranceau, S., Freeston, M., Boelen, P., McCabe, R., & Antony, M. (2014). “But it might be a heart attack”: Intolerance of uncertainty and panic disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 463-470.
- Carleton, R. N., Sharpe, D., & Asmundson, G. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty: Requisites of the fundamental fears? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2307-2316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.006
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Cikrikci Işik, G., & Cevik, Y. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on visits of an urban emergency department. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 42(5), 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.011
- Çikrikçi Işik, G., Tandoğan, M., Şafak, T., & Çevik, Y. (2020). Retrospective analyses of frequent emergency department users. Eurasian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19(2), 89-93. https://doi.org/10.4274/eajem.galenos.2019.07108
- Duman, N. (2020). Covid-19 fear and intolerance to uncertainty in university students. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.748404
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioural, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191.
- Göksoy, B., Akça, M. T., & Inanç, Ö. F. (2020). The impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on emergency department visits of surgical patients. Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery: TJTES, 26(5), 685-692. https://doi.org/10.14744/etd.2020.67927
- Hooley, J. M., Butcher, J. N., Matthew, K. N., & Mineka, S. (2016). Abnormal psychology (17th ed.). Pearson Education.
- Hossain, M. M., Tasnim, S., Sultana, A., Faizah, F., Mazumder, H., Zou, L., . . . Ma, P. (2020). Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: A review. F1000Research, 9, 636. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24457.1
- Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. The Journal of Hospital İnfection, 104(3), 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
- Labrague, L. J., & McEnroe-Petitte, D. M. (2018). Job stress in new nurses during the transition period: an integrative review. International Nursing Review, 65(4), 491-504. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12425
- Lazzari, C., Shoka, A., Nusair, A., & Rabottini, M. (2020). Psychiatry in time of COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(2), 229-235. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.229
- Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268
- Legido-Quigley, H., Asgari, N., Teo, Y. Y., Leung, G. M., Oshitani, H., Fukuda, K., . . . Heymann, D. (2020). Are high-performing health systems resilient against the COVID-19 epidemic? Lancet, 395(10227), 848-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30551-1
- Li, G., Miao, J., Wang, H., Xu, S., Sun, W., Fan, Y., . . . Wang, W. (2020). Psychological impact on women health workers involved in COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 91(8), 895-897. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323134
- Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder-Smith, A., & Rocklöv, J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2), taaa021. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa021
- Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
- McEvoy, P., & Mahoney, A. (2011). Achieving certainty about the structure of intolerance of uncertainty in a treatment-seeking sample with anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 112-122.
- Miranda, R., Fontes, M., & Marroquin, B. (2008). Cognitive content-specificity in future expectancies: Role of hopelessness and intolerance of uncertainty in depression and GAD symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1151-1159.
- Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., . . . Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014
- Nuñez, J. H., Sallent, A., Lakhani, K., Guerra-Farfan, E., Vidal, N., Ekhtiari, S., & Minguell, J. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an emergency traumatology service: Experience at a tertiary trauma centre in Spain. Injury, 51(7), 1414-1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2020.05.016
- Pahlevan Sharif, S., Ahadzadeh, A. S., & Sharif Nia, H. (2018). Mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between organizational support and nurses' outcomes: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(4), 887-899. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13501
- Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Nikopoulou, V. A., Sereslis, K., Athanasiadou, M., Godosidis, A., . . . Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and loneliness in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842
- Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017
- Pulia, M. S., O'Brien, T. P., Hou, P. C., Schuman, A., & Sambursky, R. (2020). Multi-tiered screening and diagnosis strategy for COVID-19: A model for sustainable testing capacity in response to pandemic. Annals of Medicine, 52(5), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2020.1763449
- Sabino-Silva, R., Jardim, A. C. G., & Siqueira, W. L. (2020). Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clinical Oral Investigations, 24(4), 1619-1621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x
- Sarıçam, H., Deveci, M., & Ahmetoğlu, E. (2020). Examination of hope, intolerance of uncertainty and resilience levels in parents having disabled children. Global Journal of Psychology Research New Trends and Issues, 10(1), 118-131. https://doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v10i1.4398
- Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, A., Griffiths, M., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(5), 2731-2742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0
- Setia, M. S. (2023). Cross-sectional studies. In A. L. Nichols & J. Edlund (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of research methods and statistics for the social and behavioural sciences: Building a program of research (pp. 269–291). Cambridge University Press.
- Shamasunder, S., Holmes, S. M., Goronga, T., Carrasco, H., Katz, E., Frankfurter, R., & Keshavjee, S. (2020). COVID-19 reveals weak health systems by design: Why we must re-make global health in this historic moment. Global Public Health, 15(7), 1083-1089. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1760915
- Smith, B. M., Twohy, A. J., & Smith, G. S. (2020). Psychological inflexibility and intolerance of uncertainty moderate the relationship between social isolation and mental health outcomes during COVID-19. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18(2020), 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.005
- Sultana, A., Sharma, R., Hossain, M. M., Bhattacharya, S., & Purohit, N. (2020). Burnout among healthcare providers during COVID-19: Challenges and evidence-based interventions. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 5(4), 308-311. https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2020.73
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
- Temsah, M. H., Al-Sohime, F., Alamro, N., Al-Eyadhy, A., Al-Hasan, K., Jamal, A., . . . Somily, A. M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in a MERS-CoV endemic country. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(6), 877-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.021
- Tull, M. T., Barbano, A. C., Scamaldo, K. M., Richmond, J. R., Edmonds, K. A., Rose, J. P., & Gratz, K. L. (2020). The prospective influence of COVID-19 affective risk assessments and intolerance of uncertainty on later dimensions of health anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75, 102290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102290
- Usul, E., Şan, I., & Bekgöz, B. (2020). The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anxiety level of emergency medical services professionals. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(3-4), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.563
- Yook, K., Kim, K., Suh, S., & Lee, K. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(623-628).
- Zhang, X., Jiang, Z., Yuan, X., Wang, Y., Huang, D., Hu, R., . . . Chen, F. (2020). Nurses reports of actual work hours and preferred work hours per shift among frontline nurses during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 111, 103635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103635