AFETLERDE SOSYAL HİZMET VE PSİKOSOSYAL DESTEK: EKOLOJİK YAKLAŞIM ÇERÇEVESİNDE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Sosyal hizmet uzmanları, afetlerde psikososyal destek hizmetlerinde kritik roller üstlenen meslek elemanlarıdır. Afetlerin yaygın ve yıkıcı etkileri göz önüne alındığında, Türkiye’de afet yönetimine yönelik sosyal hizmet uygulamalarının geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı afetlerde sosyal hizmet uygulamaları ve psikososyal destek hizmetlerine ilişkin çalışmaları inceleyerek uygulamalardaki risk ve dayanıklılık faktörlerini ekolojik yaklaşımı temele alan bir perspektifle sunmaktır. Afet yönetimi döngüsü değerlendirildiğinde, sosyal hizmet disiplini afet öncesi hazırlık ve zarar azaltma aşamalarında eğitim ve farkındalık çalışmalarında; afet sırası müdahale aşamasında kriz yönetimi ve müdahalelerinde, kısa vadeli ihtiyaçların karşılanmasında, dezavantajlı grupların ihtiyaçlarının değerlendirilmesinde; afet sonrası iyileşme aşamasında uzun vadeli ihtiyaçların karşılanması ve sosyal yaşamın yeniden inşasında rol üstlenebilir. Ekolojik yaklaşım, bireyler ve çevreleri arasındaki dinamik etkileşimleri, zorluklar karşısında dayanıklılığı ve uyumu teşvik eder. Ekolojik yaklaşımın çok düzeyli bütüncül bakış açısına göre afetten etkilenen bireyler ve aileler, topluluklar ve kurumsal sistemlerde dayanıklılık oluşturmak için anahtar uygulamalar geliştirilmelidir. Ekolojik yaklaşım temel alındığında sosyal hizmet uzmanları, birey ve ailelere yönelik psikolojik ilk yardım ve travma bilgili bakım prensiplerini kullanarak ve iyileşme sürecinde ruh sağlığı taramaları ve klinik yönlendirmelerle psikososyal destek hizmetlerinde yer alırlar. Toplum temelli uygulamalarda iyileşme aşamasında terapötik müdahaleler, sosyal etkinlik ve güçlendirme grupları farklı ihtiyaçları olan topluluklar için iyileştirici olmaktadır. Afet yönetimi sürecinde koordinasyon sorunları, kaynaklara eşit olmayan erişim, personelin yetersiz eğitimi gibi kurumsal riskler ele alınmaktadır. Sosyal hizmet psikososyal destek hizmetlerinin standartlaşması, ihtiyaç temelli ve yerel koşullar ve hassasiyetlere uygun sunulması, bireylerin, ailelerin ve toplulukların benzersiz riskleri ve ihtiyaçlarının değerlendirilmesi için afet politikaları çalışmalarına ve afet yönetimi döngüsünün tüm aşamalarına aktif olarak katılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afetlerde sosyal hizmet
• afetlerde psikososyal destek
• ekolojik yaklaşım

ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL WORK AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT PRACTICES IN DISASTERS BASED ON ECOLOGICAL APPROACH

Abstract

Social workers are professionals who play critical roles in psychosocial support services during disasters. Considering the widespread and devastating effects of disasters, social work practices for disaster management in Turkey need to be developed. The aim of this study is to examine studies on social work practices and psychosocial support services during disasters and to present risk and resilience factors in practices with a perspective based on the ecological approach. When the disaster management cycle is evaluated, the social work discipline may play a role in education and awareness studies during the pre-disaster preparation and mitigation phases; crisis management and interventions, meeting short-term needs, assessing the needs of disadvantaged groups during the disaster intervention phase; meeting long-term needs and rebuilding social life during the post-disaster recovery phase. The ecological approach encourages dynamic interactions between individuals and their environments, resilience, and adaptation in the face of challenges. According to the multi-level holistic perspective of the ecological approach, key practices should be developed to build resilience in individuals and families, communities, and institutional systems affected by disasters. Based on the ecological approach, social workers take part in psychosocial support services using the principles of information, psychological first aid, and trauma-informed care for individuals and families, and mental health screenings and clinical referrals during the recovery process. In community-based practices, therapeutic, social activities, and empowerment groups are healing for communities with different needs during the recovery phase. Institutional risks such as coordination problems, unequal access to resources, and inadequate training of personnel are addressed in the disaster management process. Social workers should actively participate in disaster policy studies and all stages of the disaster management cycle in order to standardize psychosocial support services, make them needs-based and provide them following local conditions and sensitivities, and to assess the unique risks and needs of individuals, families, and communities.

Keywords

• Social work in disasters
• psychosocial support in disasters
• ecological approach

Kaynakça

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