REFAKATSİZ SIĞINMACI ÇOCUKLARIN AVRUPA’YA YÖNELİK GÖÇ DENEYİMLERİ: ELEŞTİREL BİR LİTERATÜR DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Abstract

Kavramsal olarak tek tipleştirilen mülteciler ve sığınmacıların aslında kendi içlerinde oldukça farklılaştığı çoğunlukla görmezden gelinmektedir. Zorunlu göç deneyimine maruz kalan ve sığınma arayanlara biraz yakından bakılınca, onlardan önemli bir kısmının yalnız başına yollara düşmüş refakatsiz çocuklar olduğu görülebilir. Refakatsiz çocukların sığınma arayışı, son dönemde gündeme gelen mülteci krizi ile birlikte artış göstermiştir. Özellikle Ortadoğu ve Afrika ülkelerinden Avrupa‟ya yönelmiş göç rotaları, 2015 yılında 95,000‟den fazla refakatsiz çocuk tarafından takip edilmiştir. Refakatsiz çocuklar konusu, genel mülteci tartışmaları içerisinde eksikliği hissedilen bir konudur. Bu nedenle bu makalenin amacı hem konuyu gündeme taşımak hem de var olan literatürü tarayarak konu hakkında genel bir durum değerlendirmesi yapmak ve daha fazla neler yapılabileceğine dikkat çekmektir. Sonuç olarak yapılan çalışmaların oldukça sınırlı olduğu görülmüştür. Daha detaylı olarak ise çocukları göç etmeden önceki hayatlarına da odaklanan, refakatsiz kız çocuklarını da içerisine alan, çocukların özellikle 18 yaşından sonraki durumlarını da değerlendiren, barınma merkezlerinin koşullarını analiz eden ve eğitim, dil öğrenimi gibi faktörleri de içerisine alan sosyal uyum problemlerine odaklan araştırmalara ihtiyaç olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Refakatsiz Çocuklar,Ayrı Düşmüş Çocuklar,Sığınmacı,Mülteci,Avrupa,Göç

References

1. BMMYK (1994). Mülteci Çocuklar Koruma ve Bakım Kılavuzu. Ankara: Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği.
2. Chase, E. (2013). Security and Subjective Wellbeing: The experiences of unaccompanied young people seeking asylum in the UK. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(6), 858-872.
3. Crawley, H. (2010). 'No one gives you a chance to say what you are thinking': Finding space for children's agency in the UK asylum system. Royal Geographical Society, 42(2), 162-169.
4. De Graeve, K., Bex, C. (2016). Imageries of Family and Nation: A comparative analysis of transnational adoption and care for unaccompanied minors in Belgium. Childhood, 23(4),492-505.
5. Dutton, C. (2012). Creating a Safe Haven in Schools: Refugee and asylum‐seeking children's and young people's mental health. Child Abuse Review, 21, 219-226.
6. Echavez, C. R., Bagaporo, J. Y. L., Re Pilongo, L. W. & Azadmanesh, S. (2014). Why Do Children Undertake the Unaccompanied Journey? Motivations for Departure to Europe and Other Industrialised Countries from the Perspective of Children, Families and Residents of Sending Communities in Afghanistan. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit & United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Issues Paper.
7. Eide, K., Hijern, A. (2013). Unaccompanied Refugee Children: Vulnerability and agency. Acta Paediatrica, 102, 666-668.
8. Eurostat (2018a). Asylum Applicants Considered to be Unaccompanied Minors. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8895109/3-16052018-BP-EN.pdf/ec4cc3d7-c177-4944-964f-d85401e55ad9

9. Eurostat (2018b). Asylum Applicants Considered to be Unaccompanied Minors by Citizenship, Age and Sex Annual Data. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=migr_asyunaa&lang=en
10. Galloway, M., Smit, M. & Kromhout, M. (2014). Between Control and Support. The Protection of Unaccompanied Minor Asylum Seekers at Risk: The Dutch case. International Migration, 53(4), 51-61.
11. Gustafsson, K., Fioretos, I., & Norström, E. (2012). Between Empowerment and Powerlessness: Separated Minors in Sweden. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 136, 65–77.
12. Hek, R., Hughes, N. & Ozman, R. (2012). Safe Guarding the Needs of Children and Young People Seeking Asylum in the UK: Addressing past failings and meeting future challenges. Child Abuse Review, 21, 335 – 348.
13. Hjern, A., Brendler-Lindqvist, M. & Norredam, M. (2013). Age Assessment of Young Asylum Seekers. Acta Paediatrica, 101, 4-7.
14. HM Inspectorate of Prisons (2015). Report on An Unannounced Inspection of Campsfield House Immigration Removal Centre. London: Her Majesty‟s Inspectorate of Prisons.
15. Jacops, S. F. M. (2018). Collective Narrative Practice with Unaccompanied Refugee Minors: “TheTree of Life” as a response to hardship. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry ,23(2), 279–293.
16. Kaukko, M., Wernesjö, U. (2017). Belonging and Participation in Liminality: Unaccompanied Children in Finland and Sweden. Childhood, 24(1) 7-20.
17. Kromhaut, M. (2011). Return of Separated Children: The impact of Dutch policies. International Migration, 49(5), 24-47.
18. Kohli, R. K. S. (2006). The Sound of Silence: Listening to what unaccompanied asylum-seeking children say and do not say. The British Journal of Social Work, 36(5), 707-721.
19. Kohli, R. K. S. (2011). Working to Ensure Safety, Belonging and Success for Unaccompanied Asylum ‐ Seeking Children. Child Abuse Review, 20, 311–323.
20. Kutscher, N., Kreb, L. M. (2018). The Ambivalent Potentials of Social Media Use by Unaccompanied Minor Refugees. Social Media + Society, January-March, 1-10.
21. Martin, S., Christe, A., Horgan, D. & O‟Riordan, J. (2011). "Often They Fall Through the Cracks": Separated children in Ireland and the role of guardians. Child Abuse Review, 20(5), 361-373.
22. Ni Laoire, C., White, A., Tyrrell, N. & Carpena-Mendez, F. (2012). Children and Young People on the Move: Geographies of child and youth migration. Geography, 97(3), 129-134.
23. Ni Raghallaigh, M. (2011). Religion in the Lives of Unaccompanied Minors: An available and compelling coping resource. British Journal of Social Work, 41(3), 539-556.
24. Ni Raghallaigh, M., Gilligan, R. (2009). Active Survival in the Lives of Unaccompanied Minors: Coping strategies, resilience, and the relevance of religion. Child and FamilySocial Work, 15, 226-237.
25. Ni Raghallaigh, M., Sirriyeh, A. (2015). The Negotiation of Culture in Foster Care Placements for Separated Refugee and Asylum Seeking Young People in Ireland and England. Childhood, 22(2), 263–277.
26. Ni Raghallaigh, M., Thornton, L. (2017). Vulnerable Childhood, Vulnerable Adulthood: Direct provision as after care for aged-out separated children seeking asylum in Ireland. Critical Social Policy, 37(3), 386–404.
27. Nugent, C. (2006). Whose Children are These? Towards Ensuring the Best Interests and Empowerment of Unaccompanied Alien Children. Public Interest Law Journal, 15, 219-235.
28. Oppedal, B., Iddose, T. (2015). The Role of Social Support in the Acculturation and Mental Health of Unaccompanied Minor Asylum Seekers. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56, 203-211.
29. Orgocka, A. (2012). Vulnerable Yet Agentic: Independent child migrants and opportunity structures. New Directions for Child andAdolecent Development, 136, 1-11.
30. Perez, K. M. (2018). Doing Masculunity: The “look” of unaccompanied male migrant teenagers from the Maghreb. Men and Masculinities, 21(3), 403-422.
31. Refugee Council (2019). Children in Detention, Mohibullah's Story: An uphill battle. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/what_we_do/childrens_services/working_with_age_disputed_children/children_in_detention
32. Tanon, F., Sow, A (2013). Unaccompanied Young Migrants from Africa: The case of Mauritania. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 648, 189-203.
33. UNHCR (2004). Trends in Unaccompanied and Separated Children Seeking Asylum in Industrialized Countries, 2001-2003. Geneva: Population Data Unit/PGDS Division of Operational Support.
34. UNHCR (2018). Figures at a Glance. https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html
35. UNICEF (2017). A Child is a Child: Protecting children on the move from violence, abuse and exploitation. New York: United Nations Children‟s Fund.
36. UNICEF (2018). Children on the Move: Key facts and figures. New York: United Nations Children‟s Fund.
37. Vidal, M. (2017, 20 Temmuz). No One is Counting Europe‟s Missing Refugee Children. Refugess Deeply. https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2017/07/20/no-one-is-counting-europes-missing-refugee-children