KUŞAKLARARASI BAĞLAMDA BABALIK VE BABA- ÇOCUK İLİŞKİSİ

Abstract

INTERGENERATIONAL FATHERHOOD AND FATHER-CHILD RELATIONSHIP

Abstract

    This study aims to analyze the perceptions of fathers from different generations towards fatherhood and the father-child relationship they founded. Nine fathers of three families from three generations participated to the study. Case study as a type of qualitative research was used with face to face and in-depth interviews for data collection. Based on content analysis, regarding the perceptions of fathers towards fatherhood, it was found that the ways of earning income, workload, the distance between father and child, faith and customs and sex were determinants. Old generation fathers mainly perceived fatherhood as an economical status however new generation fathers evalued it on relationship and communication focus. Although new generation fathers accepted their children as precious beings regardless of their gender and perceived their care as their own responsibility, old generation fathers accepted boys as more valued and have a better relationship with them and more support for their care.

Keywords

• child,father,intergeneration,relationship,gender role

References

1. Altın, M. (2014). Bireysel görüşme yöntemiyle babalık görev algısının incelenmesi (Unpublished doctoral thesis), University of Istanbul Arel, Turkey.
2. Aydın, A. (2003). The Effect of Father Involvement Training on the Fathers' Involvement Level and Perceptions of Their Fathering Roles (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Middle East Technical University, Turkey. Barnett, M. A., Scaramella, L. V., Neppl, T. K., Ontai, L., & Conger, R. D. (2010). Intergenerational relationship quality, gender, and grandparent involvement. Family relations, 59(1), 28-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2009.00584.x
3. Basow, S. A. (1992). Gender: Stereotypes and roles . Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
4. Baumrind, V. (1966). Effect of authoriative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37, 887-907. doi: 10.2307/1126611
5. Baumrind, V. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 45(4), 405-441. doi: 10.2307/585170
6. Bowen, M. (1966). The use of family theory in clinical practice. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 7, 345- 374. doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(66)80065-2
7. Çalbayram, N. (2013). Zihinsel engelli çocuğu olan babalarda babalık rollerine ilişkin farkındalık yaratma (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Erciyes University, Turkey.
8. Day, R. D., Lewis, C., O'Brien, M., & Lamb, M. E. (2005). Fatherhood and father involvement: emerging constructs and theoretical orientations. In V. L. Bengston, A. C. Acock, K. R. Allen, P. Dillworth-Anderson, & D. M. Klein (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theory and research. (pp. 341-366). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

9. Doumani, B. (2003). Family history in the Middle East: Household, property, and gender. New York: State University of New York Press.
10. Dwairy, M. (2004). Parenting styles and mental health of Palestinian–Arab adolescents in Israel. Transcultural psychiatry, 41(2), 233-252. doi: 10.1177/1363461504043566
11. Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(4), 735. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
12. Evans, C. (1997). Turkish fathers’ attitudes to and involvement in their fathering role: A low socio-economic sample (Unpublished master’s thesis), Boğaziçi University, Turkey.
13. Freud, S. (1991). Psikanaliz ve Uygulama. M., Sencer (çev.). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
14. Güngörmüş-Özkardeş, O. (2010). Baba Olmak. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi
15. Hauri, H, & Hollingworth, K. (2009). Understanding fathering: masculinity, diversity and change. London: Joseph Rowtree Foundation.
16. Hoffman, L. W., & Hoffman, M. L. (1973). The value of children to parents. In Psychological perspective on population, J.T.,Fawcett (ed.). New York:Basic Books
17. Kağitçibaşi, Ç. (1982). Old-age security value of children: Cross-national socioeconomic evidence. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 13(1), 29-42. Doi: 10.1177/0022022182131004
18. Kagitcibasi, C., & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of Children and Family Change: A Three- Decade Portrait From Turkey. Applied Psychology, 54(3), 317-337. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00213.x
19. Kerr, M. E. (2000). One Family’s Story: A Primer on Bowen Theory. Retrived from https://www.thebowencenter.org/theory/
20. Koh, J. B. K., Shao, Y., & Wang, Q. (2009). Father, mother and me: Parental value orientations and child self-identity in Asian American immigrants. Sex Roles, 60(7-8), 600-610. doi: 10.1007/s11199-008-9550-z
21. Kuzucu, Y. (2011). Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35), 79-89.
22. Lamb, M. E. (1987). The Father's Role: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
23. LaRossa, R. (1997). The modernization of fatherhood: A social and political history. USA: University of Chicago Press.
24. Lawton, L., Silverstein, M., & Bengston, V. (1994). Affection, social contact, and geographic distance between adult children and their parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57-68. doi: 10.2307/352701
25. Okray, Z. (2015). Erkek çocuktan babaya dönüşüm: babalık. Turkish International Journal of Special Education and Guidance & Counselling (TIJSEG), ISSN: 1300-7432, 4(1).
26. Ortaylı, İ. (1985). The family in Ottoman Society. In E. Türköz (Ed.), Family in Turkish society: Sociological and legal studies, (pp. 93-104). Ankara: Turkish Social Science Association.
27. Pedük, Ş. B. (2004). Anne-Babaların Kullandığı Sevgi Sözcüklerine Bir Bakış. Kültürlerin Buluşması: Erken Çocukluk Gelişimi ve Eğitimine Yansımaları. İstanbul: OMEP, 351-361.
28. Pleck, E. H., & Pleck, J. H. (1997). The role of father in child development, In Fatherhood ideals in the United States: Historical dimensions. E. M., Lamb (ed.), 33- 48. U.S: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
29. Querido, J. G., Warner, T. D., & Eyberg, S. M. (2002). Parenting styles and child behavior in African American families of preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(2), 272-277. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3102_12
30. Sever, M. (2002). Toplumsal, kültürel bağlamda babalık kurgu ve pratiklerinin çocuk eğitimine etkileri: üç kuşak babalar üzerinde karşılaştırmalı bir araştırma (Unpublished master thesis), Ankara University, Turkey.
31. Sunar, D., & Fisek, G. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. In U. Gielen & J. Roopnarine (Eds.) Families in global perspective (pp. 169-183). Boston:Allyn & Bacon/ Pearson.
32. Suwada, K. (2015). Being a Traditional Dad or Being More Like a Mum? Clashing Models of Fatherhood According to Swedish and Polish Fathers. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 46(4). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24573600
33. Şireli, Ö., Soykan, A. A. (2016). Depresyonu olan ergenlerin anne-baba kabul-red algıları ve aile işlevleri açısından incelenmesi. Journal of Psychiatry, 17(5), 403-410. doi: 10.5455/apd.179441
34. White, R. N., (1994). About fathers: Masculinity and the social construction of fatherhood. Journal of Sociology, 30 (2), 119-131. Doi: /10.1177/144078339403000202
35. Williams, R., Hewison, A., Wildman, S., & Roskell, C. (2013). Changing fatherhood: An exploratory qualitative study with African and African Caribbean men in England. Children & Society, 27(2), 92-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2011.00392.x
36. Yalçınöz, B. (2011). From being a son to being a father: an intergenerational comparison of fatherhood in Turkey (Doctoral dissertation). İstanbul Bilgi University, Turkey.
37. Zeybekoğlu, Ö. (2013). Günümüzde erkeklerin gözünden babalık ve aile. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 3(2), 297- 328. doi: 10.13114/MJH/201322486