Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Spiritual Well-Being: Scale Development and Validation

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 73 - 88, 15.02.2017

Abstract

The spiritual well-being scale was developed as a way of assessing how well adults’ lives align with their values and their understanding of ultimate meaning in personal, social, environmental, and transcendental terms. The items on the scale were selected based on existing literature and essays addressing spirituality. The scale was then shown to 17 specialists in spirituality and edited in response to their comments to produce the last version of each item. The scale, composed of 49 items, was then administered to 865 adults (498 women, 57.6%; 367 men, 42.4%). Based on the results, the item set was then resolved to a 29-item scale, and Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed three significant dimensions of spirituality, which are transcendence, harmony with nature, and anomie. Construct validity and reliability were empirically ascertained and the goodness of fit was determined for the proposed model of spiritual well-being. (KMO: 951, when eigenvalue is 2; total item explanation variance: 58.337 %). The ensemble of the model’s coefficients are x²/sd = 4.11, RMESEA = .06, SRMR = .50, NFI = .90, CFI = .92. The results show that the Spiritual Well-Being Scale has the ability to measure adults’ spiritual well-being in a valid and reliable manner.

References

  • Akın, A., Demirci, İ., Çitemel, N., Sarıçam, H. & Ocakçı, H. (2013, May). Sosyal İyi Olma Ölçeği Türkçe Formu’nun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Paper presented at the 5. Ulusal Lisansüstü Eğitim Sempozyumu, Sakarya, Türkiye.
  • Baldwin, D. C. (2003). Spiritual identity: evaluating a seminar on spiritual identity on spiritual wellness. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Southern Christian University, Oklahoma.
  • Bentler, P.M. & Bonnet, D.C. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. NY: Wiley.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. NY: Guilford Publications, Inc.
  • Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Byrne, B.M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Chandler, C. K., Holden, J. M. & Kolander, C. A. (1992). Counseling for spiritual wellness: theory and practice. Journal of Counselling & Development, 71, 168–175.
  • Chapman, L. S. (1987). Developing a useful perspective on spiritual health: Love, joy, peace, and fulfillment. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1, 12–17.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1990). Essentials of psychometric testing. (5th Edition). New York: Harper Collins.
  • Çakır, B., Karaarslan, G., Şahin, E. & Ertepınar, H. (2015). Doğaya Bağlılık Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye adaptasyonu. İlköğretim Online, 14(4), 1370–1383.
  • DeCoster, J. (1998). Overview of factor analysis. Retrieved from http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html
  • Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11, 330–340.
  • Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. Guilford Press.
  • Fan, X., Thompson, B. & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 56–83.
  • Hill, P. C. & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74.
  • Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
  • Jöreskog, K. & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International Inc.
  • Kamya, H. A. (2000). Hardiness and spiritual well-being among social work students: Implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 36(2), 231–240.
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2015). Manevi Yönelim Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 51–68.
  • Katz, D. & Stotland, E. (1959). A preliminary statement to a theory of attitude structure and change. Psychology: A study of a science, 3, 423–475.
  • Klainbaum, D.G., Kupper, L.L. & Muller, K.E. (1987). Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. USA, Boston: PWS-Kent Publishing.
  • MacCallum, R.C., Browne, M.W. & Sugawara, H., M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–49.
  • McDonald, R. P. & Ho, M. H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting statistical equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82.
  • Moberg, D. O. & Brusek, P. M. (1978). Spiritual well-being: A neglected subject in quality of life research. Social Indicators Research, 5, 303–323.
  • Morrison-Orton, D. J. (2004). How rehabilitation professionals define the concepts of spirituality and religion when working with individuals with disabilities. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 3(2), 37–55.
  • National Interfaith Coalition on Aging (NICA) (1975). Spiritual well-being: A definition. Athens, GA: NICA.
  • Opatz, J. P. (1986). Stevens Point: A longstanding program for students at a Midwestern University. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1(1), 60–67.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. & Ellison, C. (1982). Spiritual well-being scale. Measures of religiosity, 382–385.
  • Patneaude, A.B. (2006). Spiritual wellness among undergraduate college students. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Colarado State University, Colarado.
  • Robert, T. (2003). The relationship between spiritual well-being and job satisfaction among adult workers. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Missisipi State University, Mississipi.
  • Scheck-Varner, J. E. (2009). Effects of spiritual well-being, religious coping, and hardiness on parenting behaviors in low socioeconomic status families. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Sothern Mississippi, Mississipi.
  • Seaward, B. L. (1991). Spiritual wellbeing: A health education model. Journal of Health Education, 22(3), 166–169.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson/Allyn
  • Tavakol, M. & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.
  • Thompson, B. (2003). Guidelines for authors reporting score reliability estimates. B. Thompson (Ed.) Score reliability: Contemporary thinking on reliability issues (pp.91–101). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
  • Unruh, A. M. (1997). Reflections on Spirituality and occupation: garden musings and the Himalayan Blue Poppy. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64(3), 156–160.
  • Veneziano, L. & Hooper, J. (1997). A method for quantifying content validity of health-related questionnaires. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21(1), 67–70.
  • Williams, B., Onsman, A. & Brown, T. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8(3), 1–13.
  • Zeller, R.A. & Carmines, E.G. (1978). Statistical Analysis of Social Data. USA, Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Company.
  • Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B. & Kadar, T. L. (1997). Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(4), 549–564.

Spiritüel İyi Oluş: Ölçek Geliştirme ve Geçerliği

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 73 - 88, 15.02.2017

Abstract

İnsanın değer ve nihai anlamları doğrultusunda kişisel, toplumsal, çevresel ve trasandantal (aşkın) yönleriyle hayatlarını
anlama ve yaşama sürecini belirlemek amacıyla yetişkinlere yönelik geliştirilmiş bir ölçektir. Ölçeğin maddeleri ilgili
literatür ile diğer ölçeklerden yararlanılarak ve konuyla ilgili olan kişilere yazdırılmış kompozisyonlardan elde edilmiştir.
Konuyla ilgili çalışmaları olan 17 uzmanın görüşleri alınmış bunlar dikkate alınarak maddelere son hali verilmiştir. Son
aşamada toplam 49 maddeden oluşan çalışma 865 yetişkine (498 kadın, %57,6; 367 erkek, %42,4) uygulanmıştır. Yapılan
doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 29 maddelik; aşkınlık, doğayla uyum ve anomi adlı 3 faktörlü bir yapı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Yapılan analizle birlikte ölçeğin yapı geçerliği ve güvenirliği bilimsel olarak ortaya çıkarılmış ve amaçlanan spiritüel iyi oluş
modeline uygun bir yapı ortaya çıkmıştır. (KMO: 951, Eigen değeri 2 olarak alındığında toplam madde açıklama varyansı
% 58,337). Modelin uyum indeksleri (x²/sd = 4.11, RMESEA = .06, SRMR = .50, NFI = .90, CFI = .92) şeklindedir. Spiritüel
İyi Oluş Ölçeği’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları, ölçeğin yetişkinlerin spiritüel iyi olma hallerini geçerli ve güvenilir
olarak ölçme yeteneğine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Akın, A., Demirci, İ., Çitemel, N., Sarıçam, H. & Ocakçı, H. (2013, May). Sosyal İyi Olma Ölçeği Türkçe Formu’nun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Paper presented at the 5. Ulusal Lisansüstü Eğitim Sempozyumu, Sakarya, Türkiye.
  • Baldwin, D. C. (2003). Spiritual identity: evaluating a seminar on spiritual identity on spiritual wellness. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Southern Christian University, Oklahoma.
  • Bentler, P.M. & Bonnet, D.C. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. NY: Wiley.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. NY: Guilford Publications, Inc.
  • Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Byrne, B.M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Chandler, C. K., Holden, J. M. & Kolander, C. A. (1992). Counseling for spiritual wellness: theory and practice. Journal of Counselling & Development, 71, 168–175.
  • Chapman, L. S. (1987). Developing a useful perspective on spiritual health: Love, joy, peace, and fulfillment. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1, 12–17.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1990). Essentials of psychometric testing. (5th Edition). New York: Harper Collins.
  • Çakır, B., Karaarslan, G., Şahin, E. & Ertepınar, H. (2015). Doğaya Bağlılık Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye adaptasyonu. İlköğretim Online, 14(4), 1370–1383.
  • DeCoster, J. (1998). Overview of factor analysis. Retrieved from http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html
  • Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11, 330–340.
  • Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. Guilford Press.
  • Fan, X., Thompson, B. & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 56–83.
  • Hill, P. C. & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74.
  • Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
  • Jöreskog, K. & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International Inc.
  • Kamya, H. A. (2000). Hardiness and spiritual well-being among social work students: Implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 36(2), 231–240.
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2015). Manevi Yönelim Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 51–68.
  • Katz, D. & Stotland, E. (1959). A preliminary statement to a theory of attitude structure and change. Psychology: A study of a science, 3, 423–475.
  • Klainbaum, D.G., Kupper, L.L. & Muller, K.E. (1987). Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. USA, Boston: PWS-Kent Publishing.
  • MacCallum, R.C., Browne, M.W. & Sugawara, H., M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–49.
  • McDonald, R. P. & Ho, M. H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting statistical equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82.
  • Moberg, D. O. & Brusek, P. M. (1978). Spiritual well-being: A neglected subject in quality of life research. Social Indicators Research, 5, 303–323.
  • Morrison-Orton, D. J. (2004). How rehabilitation professionals define the concepts of spirituality and religion when working with individuals with disabilities. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 3(2), 37–55.
  • National Interfaith Coalition on Aging (NICA) (1975). Spiritual well-being: A definition. Athens, GA: NICA.
  • Opatz, J. P. (1986). Stevens Point: A longstanding program for students at a Midwestern University. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1(1), 60–67.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. & Ellison, C. (1982). Spiritual well-being scale. Measures of religiosity, 382–385.
  • Patneaude, A.B. (2006). Spiritual wellness among undergraduate college students. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Colarado State University, Colarado.
  • Robert, T. (2003). The relationship between spiritual well-being and job satisfaction among adult workers. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Missisipi State University, Mississipi.
  • Scheck-Varner, J. E. (2009). Effects of spiritual well-being, religious coping, and hardiness on parenting behaviors in low socioeconomic status families. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Sothern Mississippi, Mississipi.
  • Seaward, B. L. (1991). Spiritual wellbeing: A health education model. Journal of Health Education, 22(3), 166–169.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson/Allyn
  • Tavakol, M. & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.
  • Thompson, B. (2003). Guidelines for authors reporting score reliability estimates. B. Thompson (Ed.) Score reliability: Contemporary thinking on reliability issues (pp.91–101). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
  • Unruh, A. M. (1997). Reflections on Spirituality and occupation: garden musings and the Himalayan Blue Poppy. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64(3), 156–160.
  • Veneziano, L. & Hooper, J. (1997). A method for quantifying content validity of health-related questionnaires. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21(1), 67–70.
  • Williams, B., Onsman, A. & Brown, T. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8(3), 1–13.
  • Zeller, R.A. & Carmines, E.G. (1978). Statistical Analysis of Social Data. USA, Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Company.
  • Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B. & Kadar, T. L. (1997). Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(4), 549–564.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Halil Ekşi

Selami Kardaş

Publication Date February 15, 2017
Submission Date June 23, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ekşi, H., & Kardaş, S. (2017). Spiritual Well-Being: Scale Development and Validation. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 73-88.