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Comparing Behavioral Health Graduate Students in Spiritual and Religious Competence

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 197 - 221, 15.08.2018

Abstract

When it comes to the integration of spirituality and religion within mental health training, standards remain ambiguous, particularly in non-religious affiliated institutions and individual practitioners. The aim of this study sought to examine the competence levels of mental health graduate students utilizing the Revised Spiritual Competence Scale II (SCS-R-II) and the Spiritual and Religious Competency Assessment (SARCA). Participants were recruited by contacting over 68 program directors of both Christian and secular accredited counseling, psychology, and social work schools in the United States and through the Counselor Education and Supervision Network Listserv and American Psychological Association of Graduate Students directory. 125 students with varying degrees of professed religious affiliation, completed the survey. Counselor trainees scored highest on both measures, yet without statistical significance. Students with very strong personal religious affiliation and attendees of Christian affiliated schools scored statistically higher on both measures. Findings indicated Christian institutions and trainees who professed very high Christian affiliation seemed to possess greater competence at integrating spiritual and religious constructs within mental health counseling. However, the results are limited due to sample size. Further, results pointed to convergent validity for the SCS-R-II and SARCA. Implications and future recommendations for behavior science educators and clinicians are discussed.

References

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Competencies for integrating spirituality into counseling. Alexandria, VA: Author. Barker, S. L. (2007). The integration of spirituality and religion content in social work education: Where we’ve been, where we’re going. Social Work & Christianity, 34, 146-166. Barnes, L., Plotnikoff, G., Fox, K., & Pendleton, S. (2000). Spirituality, religion, and pediatrics: Intersecting worlds of healing. Pediatrics, 106(suppl), 899-908. Barrett, D., Kurian, G., & Johnson, T. (2001). World Christian encyclopedia: A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Bernard, J., & Goodyear, R. (2009). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Bilgrave, D. P., & Deluty, R. H. (1998). Religious beliefs and therapeutic orientations of clinical and counseling psychologists. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 329-349. Brown, D. R., Carney, J. S., Parrish, M. S., & Klem, J. L. (2013). Assessing spirituality: The relationship between spirituality and mental health. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 15, 107-122. doi: 10.1080/193494637.2013.776442 Burke, M. T., Hackney, H., Hudson, P., Miranti, J., Watts, G. A., & Epp, L. (1999). Spirituality, religion, and CACREP curriculum standards. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77, 251-257. Carlson, T. S., McGeorge, C. R., & Toomey, R. B. (2014). Establishing the validity of the Spirituality in Clinical Training Scale: Measuring the level of integration of spirituality and religion in family therapy training. Contemporary Family Therapy, 36, 310-325. doi: 10.1007/s10591-013-9278-y Cashwell, C. S., Bentley, D. P., & Bigbee, A. (2007). Spirituality and counselor wellness. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 46, 66-81. Cashwell, C. S., & Young, J. S. (Eds). (2011). Integrating spirituality and religion into counseling: A guide to competent practice (2nd ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Cashwell, C. S., Young, J. S., Fulton, C. L., Willis, B. T., Giordano, A., Daniel, L. W., Crockett, J., Tate, B. N., & Welch, M. L. (2013). Clinical behaviors for addressing religious/spiritual issues: Do we practice what we preach? Counseling and Values, 58, 45-58. doi: 10.1002/j.2161- 007X.2013.00024.x Cates, K. A. (2009). Counselor spiritual competencies: An examination of counselor practices. (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama). Retrieved from Academic Search Complete. Chandler, C. K., Holden, J. M., & Kolander, C. A. (1992). Counseling for spiritual wellness: Theory and practice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71, 168-175. Cheston, S. E., & Miller, J. L. (2011). The use of prayer in counseling. In C. S. Cashwell & J. S. Young (Eds.), Integrating spirituality and religion into counseling: A guide to competent practice (2nd ed., pp. 243-260). Alexandria: VA: American Counseling Association. Cloninger, C. R. (2006). Fostering spirituality and well-being in clinical practice. Psychiatric Annals, 36(3), 1-6. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs [CACREP]. (2009). 2009 standards for accreditation. Alexandria, VA: Author. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs [CACREP]. (2016). 2016 standards for accreditation. Alexandria, VA: Author. Crook-Lyon, R. E., O’Grady, K. A., Smith, T. B., Jensen, D. R., Golightly, T., & Potkar, K. A. (2012). Addressing religious and spiritual diversity in graduate training and multicultural education for professional psychologists. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 169-181. doi: 10.1037/a0026403 Dailey, S. F., Gill, C. S., & Robertson, L. A. (2015). Spiritual Competency Scale: Further analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 48, 15-29. doi: 10.1177/0748175614544688 Fincham, F. D., Stanley, S. M., & Beach, S. H. (2007). Transformative processes in marriage: An analysis of emerging trends. Journal Of Marriage & Family, 69(2), 275-292. doi:10.1111/ j.1741-3737.2007.00362.x Fluellen, S. J. (2007). Development of the Spiritual and Religious Competency Assessment (SARCA): An instrument to measure competency in supervisees (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3291350) Frankl, V. (1955). The doctor and the soul: An introduction to logotherapy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. S. Park, Arveson, Newmeyer, Underwood / Comparing Behavioral Health Graduate Students in Spiritual and Religious Competence Furman, L. D., Benson, P. W., & Canda, E. R. (2008). The integration of religions and spirituality into social work practice and education. US Executive Report, 1-13. Retrieved from www. spiritualityreligionsurvey.com/Documents/2008%20US%20Executive%20Report.pdf Furness, S., & Gilligan, P. (2010). Social work, religion and belief: Developing a framework for practice. British Journal of Social Work, 40, 2185-2202. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcp159 Gallup. (2014). Religion in America. Retrieved from www.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx Garzon, F., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Tan, S. Y., & Worthington, R. K. (2009). Lay Christian counseling and client expectations for integration in therapy. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 28, 113-120. Gonsoriek, J. C., Richards, P. S., Pargament, K. I., & McMinn, M. R. (2009). Ethical challenges and opportunities at the edge: Incorporating spirituality and religion into psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(4), 385-395. doi: 0.1037/a001648 Hodge, D. R. (2000). Spiritual ecomaps: A new diagrammatic tool for assessing marital and family spirituality. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26, 217-228. doi: 10.1111/j.1752- 0606.2000.tb00291.x Hodge, D. R. (2007). The Spiritual Competence Scale: A new instrument for assessing spiritual competence at the programmatic level. Research on Social Work Practice, 17, 287-195. Hodge, D. R., & Limb, G. E. (2010). Conducting spiritual assessments with Native Americans: Enhancing cultural competency in social work practice courses. Journal of Social Work Education, 46, 265-284. doi: 10.5175/JSWE_2010.200800084 Hodge, D. R., Baughman, L. M., & Cummings, J. A. (2006). Moving toward spiritual competency. Journal of Social Service Research, 32, 211-231. doi: 10.1300/J079v32n04_12 Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Davis, D. E., Jennings, D. J., II, Gartner, A. L., & Hook, J. P. (2010). Empirically supported religious and spiritual therapies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 46-72. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20626 Horvath, A. O., & Luborsky, L. (1993). 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Davranışsal Sağlık Lisansüstü Öğrencilerinin Manevi ve Dinsel Yetkinlikler Açısından Karşılaştırılması

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 197 - 221, 15.08.2018

Abstract

Ruh sağlığı eğitimi ile maneviyat ve din bütünleşmesinde standartlar, özellikle dini olmayan kurumlar ve bireysel uygulamacılar söz konusu olduğunda muğlak kalmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ruh sağlığı lisansüstü öğrencilerinin yeterlik düzeylerini Revize Edilmiş Ruhsal Yetkinlik Ölçeği II (SCS-R-II) ve Ruhsal ve Dinsel Yetkinlik Ölçümü’nü (SARCA) kullanarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Katılımcılara, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde akredite olan, psikolojik danışmanlık, psikoloji ve sosyal çalışma alanlarındaki 68’in üzerinde gerek Hıristiyan, gerekse seküler yönelimli programların yöneticileri ile görüşülerek; Danışmanlık Eğitim ve Süpervizyon Ağı Listeleri ve Amerikan Psikoloji Derneği Lisansüstü Öğrenciler Dizini aracılığıyla ulaşılmıştır. Değişen düzeylerde dinsel bağlılıkları olduğunu bildiren 125 öğrenci ölçekleri tamamlamıştır. Danışmanlık öğrencileri, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmamakla birlikte her iki ölçümde de en yüksek düzeyleri sergilemişlerdir. Çok güçlü kişisel dini bağlılığı olan veya Hristiyan okullarına devam eden öğrenciler her iki ölçümde de istatistiksel olarak daha yüksek puanlar almışlardır. Bulgulara göre Hıristiyan kurumlarına kayıtlı olan veya çok yüksek düzeyde Hıristiyanlıkla ilişkili olduğunu ifade eden kursiyerler ruh sağlığı danışmanlığı kapsamında manevi ve dini yapıları bütünleştirme konusunda daha fazla yetkinliğe sahip görünmektedirler. Ancak, örneklem büyüklüğü nedeniyle sonuçlar sınırlıdır. Ayrıca, sonuçlar SCSR- II ve SARCA ölçeklerinin yakınsak geçerlilik düzeyinin yeterli olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bulguların davranış bilimi eğitimcileri ve klinisyenleri için doğurguları ve geleceğe yönelik öneriler tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Adams, C. M. (2008). The graduate training of counselors in religious and spiritual competency. (Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York). Retrieved from Academic Search Complete. Allen, K. N., & Wozniak, D. F. (2014). The integration of healing rituals in group treatment for women survivors of domestic violence. Social Work in Mental Health, 12, 52-68. doi: 10.1080/15332985.2013.817369 Allen, S., & Crouch, A. (2005). Cultural and spiritual health assessment. Retrieved from https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_ chapter/9781405114585/9781405114585_4_010.pdf American Counseling Association (ACA). (2014). Code of ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author. American Psychological Association (APA). (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from www.apa/org/ethics/code.html Association of Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC). (2005, 2009). Competencies for integrating spirituality into counseling. Alexandria, VA: Author. Barker, S. L. (2007). The integration of spirituality and religion content in social work education: Where we’ve been, where we’re going. Social Work & Christianity, 34, 146-166. Barnes, L., Plotnikoff, G., Fox, K., & Pendleton, S. (2000). Spirituality, religion, and pediatrics: Intersecting worlds of healing. Pediatrics, 106(suppl), 899-908. Barrett, D., Kurian, G., & Johnson, T. (2001). World Christian encyclopedia: A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Bernard, J., & Goodyear, R. (2009). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Bilgrave, D. P., & Deluty, R. H. (1998). Religious beliefs and therapeutic orientations of clinical and counseling psychologists. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 329-349. Brown, D. R., Carney, J. S., Parrish, M. S., & Klem, J. L. (2013). Assessing spirituality: The relationship between spirituality and mental health. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 15, 107-122. doi: 10.1080/193494637.2013.776442 Burke, M. T., Hackney, H., Hudson, P., Miranti, J., Watts, G. A., & Epp, L. (1999). Spirituality, religion, and CACREP curriculum standards. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77, 251-257. Carlson, T. S., McGeorge, C. R., & Toomey, R. B. (2014). Establishing the validity of the Spirituality in Clinical Training Scale: Measuring the level of integration of spirituality and religion in family therapy training. Contemporary Family Therapy, 36, 310-325. doi: 10.1007/s10591-013-9278-y Cashwell, C. S., Bentley, D. P., & Bigbee, A. (2007). Spirituality and counselor wellness. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 46, 66-81. Cashwell, C. S., & Young, J. S. (Eds). (2011). Integrating spirituality and religion into counseling: A guide to competent practice (2nd ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Cashwell, C. S., Young, J. S., Fulton, C. L., Willis, B. T., Giordano, A., Daniel, L. W., Crockett, J., Tate, B. N., & Welch, M. L. (2013). Clinical behaviors for addressing religious/spiritual issues: Do we practice what we preach? Counseling and Values, 58, 45-58. doi: 10.1002/j.2161- 007X.2013.00024.x Cates, K. A. (2009). Counselor spiritual competencies: An examination of counselor practices. (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama). Retrieved from Academic Search Complete. Chandler, C. K., Holden, J. M., & Kolander, C. A. (1992). Counseling for spiritual wellness: Theory and practice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71, 168-175. Cheston, S. E., & Miller, J. L. (2011). The use of prayer in counseling. In C. S. Cashwell & J. S. Young (Eds.), Integrating spirituality and religion into counseling: A guide to competent practice (2nd ed., pp. 243-260). Alexandria: VA: American Counseling Association. Cloninger, C. R. (2006). Fostering spirituality and well-being in clinical practice. Psychiatric Annals, 36(3), 1-6. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs [CACREP]. (2009). 2009 standards for accreditation. Alexandria, VA: Author. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs [CACREP]. (2016). 2016 standards for accreditation. Alexandria, VA: Author. Crook-Lyon, R. E., O’Grady, K. A., Smith, T. B., Jensen, D. R., Golightly, T., & Potkar, K. A. (2012). Addressing religious and spiritual diversity in graduate training and multicultural education for professional psychologists. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 169-181. doi: 10.1037/a0026403 Dailey, S. F., Gill, C. S., & Robertson, L. A. (2015). Spiritual Competency Scale: Further analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 48, 15-29. doi: 10.1177/0748175614544688 Fincham, F. D., Stanley, S. M., & Beach, S. H. (2007). Transformative processes in marriage: An analysis of emerging trends. Journal Of Marriage & Family, 69(2), 275-292. doi:10.1111/ j.1741-3737.2007.00362.x Fluellen, S. J. (2007). Development of the Spiritual and Religious Competency Assessment (SARCA): An instrument to measure competency in supervisees (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3291350) Frankl, V. (1955). The doctor and the soul: An introduction to logotherapy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. S. Park, Arveson, Newmeyer, Underwood / Comparing Behavioral Health Graduate Students in Spiritual and Religious Competence Furman, L. D., Benson, P. W., & Canda, E. R. (2008). The integration of religions and spirituality into social work practice and education. US Executive Report, 1-13. Retrieved from www. spiritualityreligionsurvey.com/Documents/2008%20US%20Executive%20Report.pdf Furness, S., & Gilligan, P. (2010). Social work, religion and belief: Developing a framework for practice. British Journal of Social Work, 40, 2185-2202. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcp159 Gallup. (2014). Religion in America. Retrieved from www.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx Garzon, F., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Tan, S. Y., & Worthington, R. K. (2009). Lay Christian counseling and client expectations for integration in therapy. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 28, 113-120. Gonsoriek, J. C., Richards, P. S., Pargament, K. I., & McMinn, M. R. (2009). Ethical challenges and opportunities at the edge: Incorporating spirituality and religion into psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(4), 385-395. doi: 0.1037/a001648 Hodge, D. R. (2000). Spiritual ecomaps: A new diagrammatic tool for assessing marital and family spirituality. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26, 217-228. doi: 10.1111/j.1752- 0606.2000.tb00291.x Hodge, D. R. (2007). The Spiritual Competence Scale: A new instrument for assessing spiritual competence at the programmatic level. Research on Social Work Practice, 17, 287-195. Hodge, D. R., & Limb, G. E. (2010). Conducting spiritual assessments with Native Americans: Enhancing cultural competency in social work practice courses. Journal of Social Work Education, 46, 265-284. doi: 10.5175/JSWE_2010.200800084 Hodge, D. R., Baughman, L. M., & Cummings, J. A. (2006). Moving toward spiritual competency. Journal of Social Service Research, 32, 211-231. doi: 10.1300/J079v32n04_12 Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Davis, D. E., Jennings, D. J., II, Gartner, A. L., & Hook, J. P. (2010). Empirically supported religious and spiritual therapies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 46-72. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20626 Horvath, A. O., & Luborsky, L. (1993). 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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Jennifer S. Park This is me 0000-0001-6576-0631

Kathleen Arveson This is me

Mark Newmeyer This is me

Lee A. Underwood This is me

Publication Date August 15, 2018
Submission Date June 7, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Park, J. S., Arveson, K., Newmeyer, M., Underwood, L. A. (2018). Comparing Behavioral Health Graduate Students in Spiritual and Religious Competence. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 3(2), 197-221.