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Gelişmekte Olan İki Asya Ülkesinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Ruh Sağlığı Sorunlarına Yönelik Psikolojik Danışma Tutumları

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 67 - 84, 15.02.2019

Abstract

Bu çalışma İran ve Çin’deki 300 üniversite öğrencisi üzerinde yapılmıştır. Literatürde desteklenen ölçeklerden oluşan nicel bir anket kullanılan çalışmada Çinli öğrencilerin, psikolojik danışma konusunda İranlılardan daha olumlu tutumlara sahip oldukları bulunmuştur. Regresyon testleri, üniversite öğrencilerinin bu iki gelişmekte olan ülkede ruh sağlığı danışmanlığına yönelik tutumları için farklı göstergelerini incelemiştir. Beklenen risk, İran’da psikolojik danışmaya yönelik tutumların en olumsuz ve güçlü göstergesi olarak bulunmuştur. Çin’de ise, damgalanma psikolojik danışmaya yönelik tutumların en olumsuz ve güçlü göstergesi olarak bulunmuştur. Ruh sağlığı danışmanlığı hizmetleri ile ilgili olumlu değerlendirmeleri savunmaya yönelik olarak eğitim bölümleri ve hükümetler için sonuç ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

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Carlton, P.A., & Deane, F.P. (2000). Impact of attitudes and suicidal ideation on adolescents’ intentions to seek professional psychological help. Journal of Adolescence, 23(1), 35-45. doi: 10.1006/jado.1999.0299 Chang, H. (2008). Help-seeking for stressful events among Chinese college students in Taiwan: Roles of gender, prior history of counseling, and help-seeking attitudes. Journal of College Student Development, 49(1), 41-51. doi: 10.1353/csd.2008.0003 Kuok, Rashidnia / College Students’ Attitudes Toward Counseling for Mental Health Issues in Two Developing Asian Countries 81 Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. Cooper, A. E., Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2003). Mental illness stigma and care seeking. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(5),339–341. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/12819554 Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American psychologist, 59(7), 614. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614 Deane, F. P., & Chamberlain, K. (1994). Treatment fearfulness and distress as predictors of professional psychological help-seeking. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 22(2), 207-217. doi:10.1080/03069889400760211 Deane, F. P., & Todd, D. M. (1996). Attitudes and perceived likelihood of seeking professional help for personal problems or suicidal thinking. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 10(3), 45-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J035v10n04_06. Diala, C., Muntaner, C., Walrath, C., Nickerson, K.J., LaVeist, T.A., & Leaf, P.J. (2000). Racial differences in attitudes toward professional mental health care and in the use of services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(4), 455-464. doi: 0.1037/h0087736 Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Gollust, S. E. (2007). Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Medical care, 45(7), 594-601. doi:10.1097/ MLR.0B013e31803bb4c1 Erikson, E.H. (1995). A Way of Looking at Things: Selected Papers, 1930-1980. W.W. Norton & Company. Fischer, E. H., & Farina, A. (1995). Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help: A shortened form and considerations for research. Journal of College Student Development, 36(4), 368-373. Fisher, J. S., Goff, B. A., Nadler, A., & Chinsky, J. M. (1988). Social psychological influences on help seeking and support from peers. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Marshaling social support: Formats, processes, and effects (pp. 267–304). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Flisher, A. J., De Beer, J. P., & Bokhorst, F. (2002). Characteristics of students receiving counselling service at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 30(3), 299-310. doi: 10.1080/030698802100002000 Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48(1), 26-34. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26 Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several Wve-factor models. In I Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7–28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press Greenson, R. R. (1987). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis. Madison, Wl: International University Press. Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis, fifth ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Hassan, H. D. (2008). Iran: Ethnic and religious minorities. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ mideast/RL34021.pdf Harman, H. H. (1960), Modern Factor Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Harris, S. M., Dersch, C. A., & Mital, M. (1999). Look who’s talking: Measuring self-disclosure in MFT. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 21 (3), 405–415. doi: 10.1023/A:1021968517320 SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING 82 Hinderaker, D.J. (2003). College Student Mental Health and Use of Counseling Center Services. Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers. Paper 190. http://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_ papers/190 Ho, D.Y.H. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81(4), 867–884. doi: 10.1086/226145 Jourard, S.M. (1964). The transpersonal self. New York: Van Nostrand. Lee, W.K. (2004). The Hong Kong citizens’ attitudes and behaviors about seeking help for the emotional problems. Research fund by Hong Kong Primary Care Foundation (HKPCF) and presented in Hong Kong Li, J., Wang, L., & Fischer, K. (2004). The organization of Chinese shame concepts. Cognition & Emotion, 18(6), 767-797. doi:10.1080/02699930341000202 Lin, Y. (2002). Taiwanese university students’ conceptions of counseling. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 31(3), 199–211. doi: 10.1023/A:1013968105377 Kahn, J.H., & Hessling, R.M. (2001). Measuring the tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(1), 41-65. doi: 10.1521/ jscp.20.1.41.22254 Keith-Lucas, A. (1994). Giving and taking help (2nd ed.). St. Davids, PA: North American Association of Christian Social Workers Kelly, A.E. (1998). Clients’ secret keeping in outpatient therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(1), 50-57. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.45.1.50 Kim, B. S. K. (2007). Adherence to Asian and European American Cultural Values and Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Among Asian American College Students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 474-480. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.474 Komiya, N., Good, G. E., & Sherrod, N.B. (2000). Emotional openness as a predictor of college Students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 138-143. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.138 Kushner, M.G., & Sher, K.J. (1989). Fear of psychological treatment and its relation to mental health service avoidance. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20(4), 251-257. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.20.4.251 Masuda, A., Anderson, P. L., Twohig, M. P., Feinstein, A. B., Chou, Y.-Y., Wendell, J. W., & Stormo, A. R. (2009). Help-seeking experiences and attitudes among African American, Asian American, and European American college students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 31(3), 168–180. doi:10.1007/s10447-009-9076-2 Meehan, P.J., Lamb, J.A., Saltzman, L.E., & O’Carroll, P.W. (1992). Attempted suicide among young adults: progress toward a meaningful estimate of prevalence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(1), 41-44. doi: 10.1176/ajp.149.1.41 McCarthy, J. (2005). Individualism and Collectivism: What do they have to do with counseling? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33(2), 108-117. doi: 10.1002/j.2161- 1912.2005.tb00009.x McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. R. (2008). The five-factor theory of personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, L. A. Pervin, O. P. John, R. W. Robins, L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology: Theory and research (3rd ed.) (pp. 159-181). Kuok, Rashidnia / College Students’ Attitudes Toward Counseling for Mental Health Issues in Two Developing Asian Countries 83 McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175-215. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 6494.1992.tb00970.x Morrow, D., Worthington, E.L., & McCullough, W.E. (1993). Observers’ perceptions of a counselor’s treatment of a religious issue. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71(4), 452- 456. doi: 0.1002/j.1556-6676.1993.tb02664.x Morton, T. L. (1978). Intimacy and reciprocity of exchange: A comparison of spouses and strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(1), 72-81. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.1.72 Narikiyo, T. A., & Kameoka, V. A. (1992). Attributions of mental illness and judgments about help seeking among Japanese-American students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39(3), 363- 369. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.39.3.363 Pearson,V. (1993). Families in China: An undervalued resource for mental health. Journal of Family Therapy, 15(2), 163-185. doi: 10.1111/j.1467 – 6427.1993.00752.x Pennebaker, J.W. (1997). Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. New York: Guilford. Pew Research Center, (2016). Buddhists, Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/ global-religious-landscape-buddhist/ Pipes, R.B., Schwarz, R., & Crouch, P. (1985). Measuring clients fears. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 53(6), 933-934. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.53.6.933 Robbins, S., & Judge, T.A. (2014). Organizational Behavior (16ed.), Pearson Santrock, J. (2015). 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College Students’ Attitudes Toward Counseling for Mental Health Issues in Two Developing Asian Countries

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 67 - 84, 15.02.2019

Abstract

This study examines 300 college students in Iran and China. It clarifies that students from China have more positive attitudes toward counseling than those from Iran using a quantitative survey with well-established existing scales in the literature. The regression tests show different indictors for college students’ attitudes toward mental health counseling in these two developing countries. Anticipated risk has been found as the most negative and powerful predictor of attitudes toward counseling in Iran. Stigma has been found as the most negative and powerful predictor of attitudes toward counseling in China. Implications have been discussed for educational departments and governments to advocate positive evaluations on mental health counseling services.

References

  • Andrews, G., Hall, W., Teesson, M., & Henderson, S. (1999). National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Report 2: the Mental Health of Australians. Common wealth of Australia. Bergin, A.E., & Garfield, S.L. (1994). Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (4th ed.). Canada: Wiley. Boldero, J., & Fallon, B. (1995). Adolescent help-seeking: what do they get help for and from whom? Journal of Adolescence, 18(2), 193- 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1995.1013 Bond, M.H., & Hwang, K.K. (1986). The social psychology of Chinese people. In: Bond, M.H. (Ed.), The Psychology of the Chinese People, pp. 213–266. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bowman, B., & Payne, J. (2011). A profile of students receiving counseling services at a university in post-apartheid South Africa. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 23(2), 143-153. doi: 10.2989/17280583.2011.634544 Brooks, G. R. (1998). A new psychotherapy for traditional men. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Carlton, P.A., & Deane, F.P. (2000). Impact of attitudes and suicidal ideation on adolescents’ intentions to seek professional psychological help. Journal of Adolescence, 23(1), 35-45. doi: 10.1006/jado.1999.0299 Chang, H. (2008). Help-seeking for stressful events among Chinese college students in Taiwan: Roles of gender, prior history of counseling, and help-seeking attitudes. Journal of College Student Development, 49(1), 41-51. doi: 10.1353/csd.2008.0003 Kuok, Rashidnia / College Students’ Attitudes Toward Counseling for Mental Health Issues in Two Developing Asian Countries 81 Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. Cooper, A. E., Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2003). Mental illness stigma and care seeking. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(5),339–341. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/12819554 Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American psychologist, 59(7), 614. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614 Deane, F. P., & Chamberlain, K. (1994). Treatment fearfulness and distress as predictors of professional psychological help-seeking. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 22(2), 207-217. doi:10.1080/03069889400760211 Deane, F. P., & Todd, D. M. (1996). Attitudes and perceived likelihood of seeking professional help for personal problems or suicidal thinking. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 10(3), 45-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J035v10n04_06. Diala, C., Muntaner, C., Walrath, C., Nickerson, K.J., LaVeist, T.A., & Leaf, P.J. (2000). Racial differences in attitudes toward professional mental health care and in the use of services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(4), 455-464. doi: 0.1037/h0087736 Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Gollust, S. E. (2007). Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Medical care, 45(7), 594-601. doi:10.1097/ MLR.0B013e31803bb4c1 Erikson, E.H. (1995). A Way of Looking at Things: Selected Papers, 1930-1980. W.W. Norton & Company. Fischer, E. H., & Farina, A. (1995). Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help: A shortened form and considerations for research. Journal of College Student Development, 36(4), 368-373. Fisher, J. S., Goff, B. A., Nadler, A., & Chinsky, J. M. (1988). Social psychological influences on help seeking and support from peers. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Marshaling social support: Formats, processes, and effects (pp. 267–304). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Flisher, A. J., De Beer, J. P., & Bokhorst, F. (2002). Characteristics of students receiving counselling service at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 30(3), 299-310. doi: 10.1080/030698802100002000 Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48(1), 26-34. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26 Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several Wve-factor models. In I Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7–28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press Greenson, R. R. (1987). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis. Madison, Wl: International University Press. Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis, fifth ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Hassan, H. D. (2008). Iran: Ethnic and religious minorities. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/ mideast/RL34021.pdf Harman, H. H. (1960), Modern Factor Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Harris, S. M., Dersch, C. A., & Mital, M. (1999). Look who’s talking: Measuring self-disclosure in MFT. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 21 (3), 405–415. doi: 10.1023/A:1021968517320 SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING 82 Hinderaker, D.J. (2003). College Student Mental Health and Use of Counseling Center Services. Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers. Paper 190. http://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_ papers/190 Ho, D.Y.H. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81(4), 867–884. doi: 10.1086/226145 Jourard, S.M. (1964). The transpersonal self. New York: Van Nostrand. Lee, W.K. (2004). The Hong Kong citizens’ attitudes and behaviors about seeking help for the emotional problems. Research fund by Hong Kong Primary Care Foundation (HKPCF) and presented in Hong Kong Li, J., Wang, L., & Fischer, K. (2004). The organization of Chinese shame concepts. Cognition & Emotion, 18(6), 767-797. doi:10.1080/02699930341000202 Lin, Y. (2002). Taiwanese university students’ conceptions of counseling. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 31(3), 199–211. doi: 10.1023/A:1013968105377 Kahn, J.H., & Hessling, R.M. (2001). Measuring the tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(1), 41-65. doi: 10.1521/ jscp.20.1.41.22254 Keith-Lucas, A. (1994). Giving and taking help (2nd ed.). St. Davids, PA: North American Association of Christian Social Workers Kelly, A.E. (1998). Clients’ secret keeping in outpatient therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(1), 50-57. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.45.1.50 Kim, B. S. K. (2007). Adherence to Asian and European American Cultural Values and Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Among Asian American College Students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 474-480. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.474 Komiya, N., Good, G. E., & Sherrod, N.B. (2000). Emotional openness as a predictor of college Students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 138-143. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.138 Kushner, M.G., & Sher, K.J. (1989). Fear of psychological treatment and its relation to mental health service avoidance. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20(4), 251-257. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.20.4.251 Masuda, A., Anderson, P. L., Twohig, M. P., Feinstein, A. B., Chou, Y.-Y., Wendell, J. W., & Stormo, A. R. (2009). Help-seeking experiences and attitudes among African American, Asian American, and European American college students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 31(3), 168–180. doi:10.1007/s10447-009-9076-2 Meehan, P.J., Lamb, J.A., Saltzman, L.E., & O’Carroll, P.W. (1992). Attempted suicide among young adults: progress toward a meaningful estimate of prevalence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(1), 41-44. doi: 10.1176/ajp.149.1.41 McCarthy, J. (2005). Individualism and Collectivism: What do they have to do with counseling? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33(2), 108-117. doi: 10.1002/j.2161- 1912.2005.tb00009.x McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. R. (2008). The five-factor theory of personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, L. A. Pervin, O. P. John, R. W. Robins, L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology: Theory and research (3rd ed.) (pp. 159-181). Kuok, Rashidnia / College Students’ Attitudes Toward Counseling for Mental Health Issues in Two Developing Asian Countries 83 McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175-215. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 6494.1992.tb00970.x Morrow, D., Worthington, E.L., & McCullough, W.E. (1993). Observers’ perceptions of a counselor’s treatment of a religious issue. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71(4), 452- 456. doi: 0.1002/j.1556-6676.1993.tb02664.x Morton, T. L. (1978). Intimacy and reciprocity of exchange: A comparison of spouses and strangers. 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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Angus C.h. Kuok This is me

Jafar Rashidnia This is me

Publication Date February 15, 2019
Submission Date October 30, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kuok, A. C., & Rashidnia, J. (2019). College Students’ Attitudes Toward Counseling for Mental Health Issues in Two Developing Asian Countries. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 4(1), 67-84.