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The Relationship of Spiritual Coping with Resilience and Perceived Stress: Validation of the Dutch Spiritual Coping Questionnaire

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 93 - 108, 30.06.2019

Abstract

The aim of this study is to translate and validate the Spiritual Coping Questionnaire in Dutch (SCQ-nl), compare this questionnaire with a religious coping questionnaire, and assess the levels of religious and spiritual coping in association to resilience and perceived stress because these are important determinants in mental health issues. The Dutch-speaking respondents (N = 651, Mage = 45, SDage = 14, range = 18-80) answered the SCQ, Brief RCOPE, Perceived Stress Scale, and Brief Resilience Scale. Validation of the SCQ shows it to be a reliable and valid questionnaire for assessing positive and negative spiritual coping in Dutch-speaking individuals. Although the positive and negative religious coping scales are associated with positive and negative spiritual coping questionnaires, religious coping was not predictive of perceived stress or resilience. Multiple regression analyses demonstrate positive spiritual coping to be associated with lower perceived stress and higher resilience levels and negative spiritual coping to be associated with higher perceived stress and lower resilience levels in Dutch-speaking individuals. The outcome of this study is that the SCQ-nl is a valid and reliable measure for assessing positive and negative spiritual coping in scientific psychological research and descriptively in clinical practice.

References

  • Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461–480. Boscaglia, N., Clarke, D. M., Jobling, T. W., & Quinn, M. A. (2005). The contribution of spirituality and spiritual coping to anxiety and depression in women with a recent diagnosis of gynecological cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 15(5), 755–761. Braam, A. W., Schrier, A. C., Tuinebreijer, W. C., Beekman, A. T. F., Dekker, J. J. M., & de Wit, M. A. S. (2010). Religious coping and depression in multicultural Amsterdam: A comparison between native Dutch citizens and Turkish, Moroccan and Surinamese/Antillean migrants. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1-3), 269–278. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.116 Cardman, F. (2002). Spiritual resilience in people who live well with lifelong disability. Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 6(1), 23–36. doi: 10.1300/J095v06n01_03 Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek [CBS]. (2018). Meer dan de helft Nederlanders niet religieus. Sociale samenhang en welzijn. Charzyńska, E. (2014). Multidimensional approach toward spiritual coping: construction and validation of the Spiritual Coping Questionnaire (SCQ). Journal of Religion and Health, 54(5), 1629-1646. doi: 10.1007/s10943-014-9892-5 Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. doi: 10.2307/2136404 Cotton, S., Larkin, E., Hoopes, A., Cromer, B. A., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2005). The impact of adolescent spirituality on depressive symptoms and health risk behaviors. Journal of adolsecent health, 36(6), 529. Delgado, C. (2007). Sense of coherence, spirituality, stress and quality of life in chronic illness. Journal of nursing scholarship, 39(3), 229–234. Epskamp, S. (2014). semPlot: Path diagrams and visual analysis of various SEM packages. Evers, A., Van Vliet-Mulder, J. C., & Groot, C. J. (2000). Documentatie van tests en testresearch in Nederland. Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum BV. Fisher, J. (2011). The four domains model: Connecting spirituality, health and well-being. Religions, 2(1), 17–28. Frankl, V. E. (1965). The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy. New York, NY: A. A. Knopf. Gamer, M., Lemon, J., Gamer, M. M., Robinson, A., Kendall’s, W. (2012). Package ‘irr’., Various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement. Harzing, A. W. (2005). Does the use of English-language questionnaires in cross-national research obscure national differences? International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 5(2), 213–224. Hay, D., Reich, K. H., & Utsch, M. (2006). Spiritual development: Intersections and divergence with religious development. In E. C. Roehlkepartain, P. E. King, L. Wagener, & P. L. Benson (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 46–59). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Jans-Beken / The Relationship of Spiritual Coping with Resilience and Perceived Stress: Validation... 103 Hendricks-Ferguson, V. (2008). Hope and spiritual well-being in adolescents with cancer. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 30(3), 385–401. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118 Keysar, B., Hayakawa, S. L., & An, S. G. (2012). The foreign-language effect thinking in a foreign tongue reduces decision biases. Psychological science, 23(6), 661–668. Kim, S., & Esquivel, G. B. (2011). Adolescent spirituality and resilience: Theory, research, and educational practices. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 755–765. Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012 Lee, S.-A., Choi, E.-J., & Ryu, H. U. (2019). Negative, but not positive, religious coping strategies are associated with psychological distress, independent of religiosity, in Korean adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 90, 57–60. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.11.017 Leontjevas, R., Op de Beek, W., Lataster, J., & Jacobs, N. (2014). Resilience to affective disorders: A comparative validation of two resilience scales. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 262-268. Manning, L., Ferris, M., Narvaez Rosario, C., Prues, M., & Bouchard, L. (2018). Spiritual resilience: Understanding the protection and promotion of well-being in the later life. Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging, 31(2), 168-186. McCarroll, P., St. James O’Connor, T., & Meakes, E. (2006). Assessing plurality in spirituality definitions. In A. Meier, T. St. James O’Connor, & P. L. VanKatwyk (Eds.), Spirituality and health: Multidisciplinary explorations (pp. 43–61). Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Mohr, S., Perroud, N., Gillieron, C., Brandt, P.-Y., Rieben, I., Borras, L., & Huguelet, P. J. P. R. (2011). Spirituality and religiousness as predictive factors of outcome in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorders. Psychiatry Research, 186(2-3), 177–182. Pargament, K. I., Ensing, D. S., Falgout, K., & Olsen, H. (1990). God help me (I): Religious coping efforts as predictors of the outcomes to significant negative life events. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(6), 793–824. doi:10.1007/BF00938065 Pargament, K. I., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51. Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 519–543. Pargament, K. I., Olsen, H., Reilly, B., Falgout, K., Ensing, D. S., & Van Haitsma, K. (1992). God help me (II): The relationship of religious orientations to religious coping with negative life events. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31(4), 504. Pargament, K. I., Zinnbauer, B. J., Scott, A. B., Butter, E. M., Zerowin, J., & Stanik, P. (2003). Red flags and religious coping: Identifying some religious warning signs among people in crisis 1. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(12), 1335–1348. Perry, J. L., Nicholls, A. R., Clough, P. J., & Crust, L. (2015). Assessing model fit: Caveats and recommendations for confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 19(1), 12–21. SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING 104 Pieper, J. (2012). Religieuze coping: ontwikkelingen, en onderzoek in Nederland. Psyche en Geloof, 23, 139–149. R Core Team. (2014a). Foreign: Read Data Stored by Minitab, S, SAS, SPSS, Stata, Systat, Weka, dBase. R Core Team. (2014b). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. In. Foundation for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: author. Revelle, W. (2014). Psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. Rosseel, Y. (2012). {lavaan}: An {R} package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. Roszkowski, M. J., & Soven, M. (2010). Shifting gears: Consequences of including two negatively worded items in the middle of a positively worded questionnaire. Journal of Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(1), 113–130. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. Stratta, P., Capanna, C., Riccardi, I., Carmassi, C., Piccinni, A., Dell’Osso, L., & Rossi, A. (2012). Suicidal intention and negative spiritual coping one year after the earthquake of L’Aquila (Italy). Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 1227–1231. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.006 Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D. M., de Boer, M. R., Van der Windt, D. A. W. M., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., . . . de Vet, H. C. W. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42. Van Sonderen, E., Sanderman, R., & Coyne, J. C. (2013). Correction: Ineffectiveness of reverse wording of questionnaire items: Let’s learn from cows in the rain. PLoS ONE, 8(9), doi: 10.1371/ annotation/af1378b1324-1377b1344-1374f1389-b1932-e1851fe1304a1378e1375 Vitorino, L. M., Soares, R. d. C. e. S., Santos, A. E. O., Lucchetti, A. L. G., Cruz, J. P., Cortez, P. J. O., & Lucchetti, G. (2017). Two sides of the same coin: The positive and negative impact of spiritual religious coping on quality of life and depression in dialysis patients. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 36(4), 332–340. doi:10.1177/0898010117725429 Wickham, H., & Wickham, M. H. (2018). Package ‘plyr’. Wong, P. T. (2012). Toward a dual-systems model of what makes life worth living. In P. T. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning (pp. 49–68). London: Routledge. Wong, S., Pargament, K. I., & Faigin, C. A. (2018). Sustained by the sacred: Religious and spiritual factors for resilience in adulthood and aging. In Resilience in Aging (pp. 191–214). Cham: Springer. Yeung, D., & Martin, M. T. (2013). Spiritual fitness and resilience: A review of relevant constructs, measures, and links to well-being. Rand Health Quarterly, 3&4(8). Yu, Y., Peng, L., Liu, B., Liu, Y., Li, M., Chen, L., . . . Li, J. J. J. o. h. p. (2016). The effects of anxiety and depression on stress-related growth among Chinese army recruits: Resilience and coping as mediators. Journal of health psychology, 21(9), 1884–1895. Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s [Alpha], Revelle’s [Beta], and McDonald’s [Omega][sub H]: Their Relations with Each Other and Two Alternative Conceptualizations of Reliability. Psychometrika, 70(1), 123–133.

Manevi Başa Çıkmanın Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Algılanan Stresle İlişkisi: Manevi Başa Çıkma Anketi Hollanda Formunun Güvenirlik ve Geçerliği

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 93 - 108, 30.06.2019

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Manevi Başa Çıkma Anketi Hollanda Formunu (SCQ-nl) uyarlamak psikometrik özelliklerini incelemek, bu anketi bir dini başa çıkma anketi ile karşılaştırmak ve katılımcıların psikolojik dayanıklılık ve algılanan stres düzeyleri ile ilişkili olarak dini ve manevi başa çıkma seviyelerini değerlendirmektir. Bu değişkenler ruh sağlığı ile ilgili önemli belirleyicilerdir. Hollandaca konuşan katılımcılar (N = 651, yaş ortalaması = 45, ss = 14, yaş aralığı = 18-80) SCQ-nl anketini, Kısa Dini Başa Çıkma Anketi Hollandaca Formu, Algılanan Stres Ölçeği ve Kısa Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeğini yanıtlamışlardır. SCQ’nun psikometrik incelemesi, bu ölçeğin Hollandaca konuşan bireylerde pozitif ve negatif manevi başa çıkmanın ölçülmesinde güvenilir ve geçerli bir anket olduğunu göstermektedir. Pozitif ve negatif dini başa çıkma ölçekleri, pozitif ve negatif manevi başa çıkma anketleriyle ilişkili olsa da, dini başa çıkma algılanan stres ya da psikolojik dayanıklılığı yordamadığı görülmüştür. Çoklu regresyon analizleri, Hollandaca konuşan bireylerde pozitif manevi başa çıkmanın düşük algılanan stres ve daha yüksek psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri ile ilişkili olduğunu; olumsuz manevi başa çıkmanın ise daha yüksek algılanan stres ve daha düşük psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, SCQ-nl’nin bilimsel psikolojik araştırmalarda ve betimsel olarak klinik uygulamalarda pozitif ve negatif manevi başa çıkmanın değerlendirilmesi için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461–480. Boscaglia, N., Clarke, D. M., Jobling, T. W., & Quinn, M. A. (2005). The contribution of spirituality and spiritual coping to anxiety and depression in women with a recent diagnosis of gynecological cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 15(5), 755–761. Braam, A. W., Schrier, A. C., Tuinebreijer, W. C., Beekman, A. T. F., Dekker, J. J. M., & de Wit, M. A. S. (2010). Religious coping and depression in multicultural Amsterdam: A comparison between native Dutch citizens and Turkish, Moroccan and Surinamese/Antillean migrants. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1-3), 269–278. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.116 Cardman, F. (2002). Spiritual resilience in people who live well with lifelong disability. Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 6(1), 23–36. doi: 10.1300/J095v06n01_03 Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek [CBS]. (2018). Meer dan de helft Nederlanders niet religieus. Sociale samenhang en welzijn. Charzyńska, E. (2014). Multidimensional approach toward spiritual coping: construction and validation of the Spiritual Coping Questionnaire (SCQ). Journal of Religion and Health, 54(5), 1629-1646. doi: 10.1007/s10943-014-9892-5 Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. doi: 10.2307/2136404 Cotton, S., Larkin, E., Hoopes, A., Cromer, B. A., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2005). The impact of adolescent spirituality on depressive symptoms and health risk behaviors. Journal of adolsecent health, 36(6), 529. Delgado, C. (2007). Sense of coherence, spirituality, stress and quality of life in chronic illness. Journal of nursing scholarship, 39(3), 229–234. Epskamp, S. (2014). semPlot: Path diagrams and visual analysis of various SEM packages. Evers, A., Van Vliet-Mulder, J. C., & Groot, C. J. (2000). Documentatie van tests en testresearch in Nederland. Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum BV. Fisher, J. (2011). The four domains model: Connecting spirituality, health and well-being. Religions, 2(1), 17–28. Frankl, V. E. (1965). The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy. New York, NY: A. A. Knopf. Gamer, M., Lemon, J., Gamer, M. M., Robinson, A., Kendall’s, W. (2012). Package ‘irr’., Various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement. Harzing, A. W. (2005). Does the use of English-language questionnaires in cross-national research obscure national differences? International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 5(2), 213–224. Hay, D., Reich, K. H., & Utsch, M. (2006). Spiritual development: Intersections and divergence with religious development. In E. C. Roehlkepartain, P. E. King, L. Wagener, & P. L. Benson (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 46–59). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Jans-Beken / The Relationship of Spiritual Coping with Resilience and Perceived Stress: Validation... 103 Hendricks-Ferguson, V. (2008). Hope and spiritual well-being in adolescents with cancer. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 30(3), 385–401. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118 Keysar, B., Hayakawa, S. L., & An, S. G. (2012). The foreign-language effect thinking in a foreign tongue reduces decision biases. Psychological science, 23(6), 661–668. Kim, S., & Esquivel, G. B. (2011). Adolescent spirituality and resilience: Theory, research, and educational practices. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 755–765. Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012 Lee, S.-A., Choi, E.-J., & Ryu, H. U. (2019). Negative, but not positive, religious coping strategies are associated with psychological distress, independent of religiosity, in Korean adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 90, 57–60. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.11.017 Leontjevas, R., Op de Beek, W., Lataster, J., & Jacobs, N. (2014). Resilience to affective disorders: A comparative validation of two resilience scales. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 262-268. Manning, L., Ferris, M., Narvaez Rosario, C., Prues, M., & Bouchard, L. (2018). Spiritual resilience: Understanding the protection and promotion of well-being in the later life. Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging, 31(2), 168-186. McCarroll, P., St. James O’Connor, T., & Meakes, E. (2006). Assessing plurality in spirituality definitions. In A. Meier, T. St. James O’Connor, & P. L. VanKatwyk (Eds.), Spirituality and health: Multidisciplinary explorations (pp. 43–61). Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Mohr, S., Perroud, N., Gillieron, C., Brandt, P.-Y., Rieben, I., Borras, L., & Huguelet, P. J. P. R. (2011). Spirituality and religiousness as predictive factors of outcome in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorders. Psychiatry Research, 186(2-3), 177–182. Pargament, K. I., Ensing, D. S., Falgout, K., & Olsen, H. (1990). God help me (I): Religious coping efforts as predictors of the outcomes to significant negative life events. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(6), 793–824. doi:10.1007/BF00938065 Pargament, K. I., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51. Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 519–543. Pargament, K. I., Olsen, H., Reilly, B., Falgout, K., Ensing, D. S., & Van Haitsma, K. (1992). God help me (II): The relationship of religious orientations to religious coping with negative life events. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31(4), 504. Pargament, K. I., Zinnbauer, B. J., Scott, A. B., Butter, E. M., Zerowin, J., & Stanik, P. (2003). Red flags and religious coping: Identifying some religious warning signs among people in crisis 1. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(12), 1335–1348. Perry, J. L., Nicholls, A. R., Clough, P. J., & Crust, L. (2015). Assessing model fit: Caveats and recommendations for confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 19(1), 12–21. SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING 104 Pieper, J. (2012). Religieuze coping: ontwikkelingen, en onderzoek in Nederland. Psyche en Geloof, 23, 139–149. R Core Team. (2014a). Foreign: Read Data Stored by Minitab, S, SAS, SPSS, Stata, Systat, Weka, dBase. R Core Team. (2014b). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. In. Foundation for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: author. Revelle, W. (2014). Psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. Rosseel, Y. (2012). {lavaan}: An {R} package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. Roszkowski, M. J., & Soven, M. (2010). Shifting gears: Consequences of including two negatively worded items in the middle of a positively worded questionnaire. Journal of Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(1), 113–130. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. Stratta, P., Capanna, C., Riccardi, I., Carmassi, C., Piccinni, A., Dell’Osso, L., & Rossi, A. (2012). Suicidal intention and negative spiritual coping one year after the earthquake of L’Aquila (Italy). Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 1227–1231. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.006 Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D. M., de Boer, M. R., Van der Windt, D. A. W. M., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., . . . de Vet, H. C. W. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42. Van Sonderen, E., Sanderman, R., & Coyne, J. C. (2013). Correction: Ineffectiveness of reverse wording of questionnaire items: Let’s learn from cows in the rain. PLoS ONE, 8(9), doi: 10.1371/ annotation/af1378b1324-1377b1344-1374f1389-b1932-e1851fe1304a1378e1375 Vitorino, L. M., Soares, R. d. C. e. S., Santos, A. E. O., Lucchetti, A. L. G., Cruz, J. P., Cortez, P. J. O., & Lucchetti, G. (2017). Two sides of the same coin: The positive and negative impact of spiritual religious coping on quality of life and depression in dialysis patients. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 36(4), 332–340. doi:10.1177/0898010117725429 Wickham, H., & Wickham, M. H. (2018). Package ‘plyr’. Wong, P. T. (2012). Toward a dual-systems model of what makes life worth living. In P. T. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning (pp. 49–68). London: Routledge. Wong, S., Pargament, K. I., & Faigin, C. A. (2018). Sustained by the sacred: Religious and spiritual factors for resilience in adulthood and aging. In Resilience in Aging (pp. 191–214). Cham: Springer. Yeung, D., & Martin, M. T. (2013). Spiritual fitness and resilience: A review of relevant constructs, measures, and links to well-being. Rand Health Quarterly, 3&4(8). Yu, Y., Peng, L., Liu, B., Liu, Y., Li, M., Chen, L., . . . Li, J. J. J. o. h. p. (2016). The effects of anxiety and depression on stress-related growth among Chinese army recruits: Resilience and coping as mediators. Journal of health psychology, 21(9), 1884–1895. Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s [Alpha], Revelle’s [Beta], and McDonald’s [Omega][sub H]: Their Relations with Each Other and Two Alternative Conceptualizations of Reliability. Psychometrika, 70(1), 123–133.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research
Authors

Lilian Jans-beken This is me 0000-0003-0647-5229

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Submission Date March 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Jans-beken, L. (2019). The Relationship of Spiritual Coping with Resilience and Perceived Stress: Validation of the Dutch Spiritual Coping Questionnaire. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 4(2), 93-108.