Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 143 - 156, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2022.7.2.164

Abstract

References

  • Abdollahi, A., & Talib, M. A. (2015). Spirituality moderates hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among Iranian depressed adolescents. Death Studies, 39(10), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2015.1013163
  • Arpaci, I., Karataş, K., & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
  • Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S. (1988). Religiosity, life meaning and wellbeing: Some relationships in a sample of women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27(3), 411-420. doi:10.2307/1387379
  • Del Castillo, F. A. (2020). Health, spirituality and Covid-19: Themes and insights. Journal of public health, 185, 1-2. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa185
  • Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7(3), 181-185.
  • Durmuş, M., & Durar, E. (2021). The relationship between spiritual well-being and fear of COVID-19 among Turkish elders. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/15528030.2021.1894627
  • Emmons, R. A., Cheung, C., & Tehrani, K. (1998). Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social indicators research, 45(1-3), 391-422. doi: 10.1023/A:1006926720976
  • Gillum, R. F., & Ingram, D. D. (2006). Frequency of attendance at religious services, hypertension, and blood pressure: The third national health and nutrition examination survey. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(3), 382–385. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000221253.90559.dd
  • Gralinski, L. E., & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 12(2), 135. doi: 10.3390/v12020135
  • Greeley, A., & Hout, M. (2006). Happiness and lifestyle among conservative Christians. The Truth about Conservative Christians,1, 150–161.
  • Greenway, A. P., Phelan, M., Turnbull, S., & Milne, L. C. (2007). Religious coping strategies and spiritual transcendence. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(4), 325–333. doi:10.1080/13694670600719839
  • Gülerce, H., & Maraj, H. A. (2021). Resilience and hopelessness in turkish society: Exploring the role of spirituality in the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 2021(63), 1-15. doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0075.
  • Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 1–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
  • Ivtzan, I., Chan, C. P. L., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2011). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualisation, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 915–929. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9540-2
  • Karaırmak, Ö., & Korkut-Owen, F. (2009). Tinsellik ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi. X. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 21-23.
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). Examining the relationship between fear of covid-19 and spiritual well-being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 5(3), 341-354. doi: 10.37898/spc.2020.5.3.121
  • Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
  • Kim, S. S., Reed, P. G., Hayward, R. D., Kang, Y., & Koenig, H. G. (2011). Spirituality and psychological well‐being: Testing a theory of family interdependence among family caregivers and their elders. Research in Nursing and Health, 34(2), 103-115. doi: 10.1002/nur.20425.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 1–33. doi:10.5402/2012/278730
  • Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining health and well-being by putting faith into action during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 1-10.
  • Koenig, H. G., Cohen, H. J., George, L. K., Hays, J. C., Larson, D. B., & Blazer, D. G. (1997). Attendance at religious services, interleukin-6, and other biological parameters of immune function in older adults. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 27(3), 233-250.
  • Levin, J. S., & Chatters, L. M. (1998). Religion, health, and psychological well-being in older adults: Findings from three national surveys. Journal of aging and health, 10(4), 504-531. doi: 10.1177/089826439801000406
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 1-9. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062032
  • Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O., de A., … Manso, M. E. G. (2020). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 00, 1-8. doi:10.1177/0020764020970996
  • Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2010). Personality and subjective well-being. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. (pp. 45-76). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Maraj, H. A., Gülerce, H., Rana, S., & Meraj, M. (2020). Resilience and hopelessness: Exploring the mediator role of spirituality in the global situation of covid-19. Jurnal Kajian Wilayah, 11(1), 1-16. doi: 10.14203/jkw.v11i1.844
  • Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426-447. doi: 10.1108/09534810310484172
  • Mishra, S. K., Togneri, E., Tripathi, B., & Trikamji, B. (2017). Spirituality and religiosity and its role in health and diseases. Journal of religion and health, 56(4), 1282-1301. doi: 10.1007/s10943-015-0100-z
  • Mortazavi, F., Mehrabadi, M., & KiaeeTabar, R. (2021). Pregnant women’s well-being and worry during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21(59). doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03548-4
  • Ozturk, A. (2013). Uludağ üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin öznel iyi oluş düzeyleri ise tinsellik, iyimserlik, kaygı ve olumsuz duygu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Petersen, L., & Roy, A. (1985). Religiosity, anxiety, and meaning and purpose: Religion's consequences for psychological well-being. Review of Religious Research, 27(1), 49-62. doi:10.2307/3511937
  • Prazeres, F., Passos, L., Simoes, J. A., Simoes, P., Martins, C., & Teixeira, A. (2020). COVID-19-related fear and anxiety: Spiritual-religious coping in healthcare workers in portugal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 1-11. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010220
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 33(2), 1-3. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Raghavan, R., Ferlic-Stark, L., Clarke, C., Rungta, M., & Goodgame, R. (2013). The role of patient religiosity in the evaluation and treatment outcomes for chronic HCV infection. Journal of religion and health, 52(1), 79-90. doi: 10.1007/s10943-011-9455-y
  • Sahin, M. (2020). Impact of weather on Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey. Science of Total Environment, 728, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138810.
  • Tiliouine, H., Cummins, R. A., & Davern, M. (2009). Islamic religiosity, subjective well-being, and health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(1), 55-74. doi: 10.1080/13674670802118099
  • Turska, E., & Stepien-Lampa, N. (2021). Well-being of Polish university students after the first year of the coronavirus pandemic: The role of core self-evaluations, social support and fear of COVID-19. Plos One, 16(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259296
  • Velavan, T. P., & Meyer, C. G. (2020). The Covid-19 epidemic. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25(3),278-280. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13383.
  • Weston, S., & Frieman, M. B. (2020). COVID-19: knowns, unknowns, and questions. Msphere, 5(2), 1-5. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00203-20
  • Williams, D. R., & Sternthal, M. J. (2007). Spirituality, religion and health: evidence and research directions. Medical Journal of Australia, 186(S10). doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01040.x
  • Witter, R. A., Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., & Haring, M. J. (1985). Religion and subjective wellbeing in adult hood: A quantitative synthesis. Review of Religious Research, 26(3), 332-342. doi: 10.2307/3511048
  • World Health Organization (2022, March 10). Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/
  • Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior and Immunity. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031
  • Zu, Z. Y., Jiang, M. D., Xu, P. P., Chen, W., Ni, Q. Q., Lu, G. M., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A perspective from China. Radiology, 296(2). doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200490

The Moderator Role of Spirituality on the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19 and Psychological Well-Being

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 143 - 156, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2022.7.2.164

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relationship between fear of the COVID-19 Pandemic and psychological well-being in Turkey, by concentrating on spirituality as a moderator role. Keeping in mind Turkey’s religious and spiritual beliefs, and with the pandemic, the relationship between spirituality, fear of COVID-19 and well-being, needs to be discussed. It is hypothesized that the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and psychological well-being will be moderated by individuals’ spirituality. The survey method was used, and online data was gathered by a snowballing sample. The total of the sampling group consisted of 473 participants. In the analysis process, Process Macro v3.5 was used for moderation analysis. The findings indicate that spirituality has a moderator role on the model, especially when the spiritality of individuals’ was at a high or medium level. The results indicate that there is a moderator role of spirituality between the relationship of fear of COVID-19 and well-being, and it was so among individuals who have medium to high spirituality. The importance of the findings are discussed.

References

  • Abdollahi, A., & Talib, M. A. (2015). Spirituality moderates hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among Iranian depressed adolescents. Death Studies, 39(10), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2015.1013163
  • Arpaci, I., Karataş, K., & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
  • Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S. (1988). Religiosity, life meaning and wellbeing: Some relationships in a sample of women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27(3), 411-420. doi:10.2307/1387379
  • Del Castillo, F. A. (2020). Health, spirituality and Covid-19: Themes and insights. Journal of public health, 185, 1-2. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa185
  • Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7(3), 181-185.
  • Durmuş, M., & Durar, E. (2021). The relationship between spiritual well-being and fear of COVID-19 among Turkish elders. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/15528030.2021.1894627
  • Emmons, R. A., Cheung, C., & Tehrani, K. (1998). Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social indicators research, 45(1-3), 391-422. doi: 10.1023/A:1006926720976
  • Gillum, R. F., & Ingram, D. D. (2006). Frequency of attendance at religious services, hypertension, and blood pressure: The third national health and nutrition examination survey. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(3), 382–385. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000221253.90559.dd
  • Gralinski, L. E., & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 12(2), 135. doi: 10.3390/v12020135
  • Greeley, A., & Hout, M. (2006). Happiness and lifestyle among conservative Christians. The Truth about Conservative Christians,1, 150–161.
  • Greenway, A. P., Phelan, M., Turnbull, S., & Milne, L. C. (2007). Religious coping strategies and spiritual transcendence. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(4), 325–333. doi:10.1080/13694670600719839
  • Gülerce, H., & Maraj, H. A. (2021). Resilience and hopelessness in turkish society: Exploring the role of spirituality in the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 2021(63), 1-15. doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0075.
  • Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 1–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
  • Ivtzan, I., Chan, C. P. L., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2011). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualisation, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 915–929. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9540-2
  • Karaırmak, Ö., & Korkut-Owen, F. (2009). Tinsellik ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi. X. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 21-23.
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). Examining the relationship between fear of covid-19 and spiritual well-being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 5(3), 341-354. doi: 10.37898/spc.2020.5.3.121
  • Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
  • Kim, S. S., Reed, P. G., Hayward, R. D., Kang, Y., & Koenig, H. G. (2011). Spirituality and psychological well‐being: Testing a theory of family interdependence among family caregivers and their elders. Research in Nursing and Health, 34(2), 103-115. doi: 10.1002/nur.20425.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 1–33. doi:10.5402/2012/278730
  • Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining health and well-being by putting faith into action during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 1-10.
  • Koenig, H. G., Cohen, H. J., George, L. K., Hays, J. C., Larson, D. B., & Blazer, D. G. (1997). Attendance at religious services, interleukin-6, and other biological parameters of immune function in older adults. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 27(3), 233-250.
  • Levin, J. S., & Chatters, L. M. (1998). Religion, health, and psychological well-being in older adults: Findings from three national surveys. Journal of aging and health, 10(4), 504-531. doi: 10.1177/089826439801000406
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 1-9. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062032
  • Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O., de A., … Manso, M. E. G. (2020). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 00, 1-8. doi:10.1177/0020764020970996
  • Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2010). Personality and subjective well-being. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. (pp. 45-76). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Maraj, H. A., Gülerce, H., Rana, S., & Meraj, M. (2020). Resilience and hopelessness: Exploring the mediator role of spirituality in the global situation of covid-19. Jurnal Kajian Wilayah, 11(1), 1-16. doi: 10.14203/jkw.v11i1.844
  • Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426-447. doi: 10.1108/09534810310484172
  • Mishra, S. K., Togneri, E., Tripathi, B., & Trikamji, B. (2017). Spirituality and religiosity and its role in health and diseases. Journal of religion and health, 56(4), 1282-1301. doi: 10.1007/s10943-015-0100-z
  • Mortazavi, F., Mehrabadi, M., & KiaeeTabar, R. (2021). Pregnant women’s well-being and worry during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21(59). doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03548-4
  • Ozturk, A. (2013). Uludağ üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin öznel iyi oluş düzeyleri ise tinsellik, iyimserlik, kaygı ve olumsuz duygu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Petersen, L., & Roy, A. (1985). Religiosity, anxiety, and meaning and purpose: Religion's consequences for psychological well-being. Review of Religious Research, 27(1), 49-62. doi:10.2307/3511937
  • Prazeres, F., Passos, L., Simoes, J. A., Simoes, P., Martins, C., & Teixeira, A. (2020). COVID-19-related fear and anxiety: Spiritual-religious coping in healthcare workers in portugal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 1-11. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010220
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 33(2), 1-3. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Raghavan, R., Ferlic-Stark, L., Clarke, C., Rungta, M., & Goodgame, R. (2013). The role of patient religiosity in the evaluation and treatment outcomes for chronic HCV infection. Journal of religion and health, 52(1), 79-90. doi: 10.1007/s10943-011-9455-y
  • Sahin, M. (2020). Impact of weather on Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey. Science of Total Environment, 728, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138810.
  • Tiliouine, H., Cummins, R. A., & Davern, M. (2009). Islamic religiosity, subjective well-being, and health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(1), 55-74. doi: 10.1080/13674670802118099
  • Turska, E., & Stepien-Lampa, N. (2021). Well-being of Polish university students after the first year of the coronavirus pandemic: The role of core self-evaluations, social support and fear of COVID-19. Plos One, 16(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259296
  • Velavan, T. P., & Meyer, C. G. (2020). The Covid-19 epidemic. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25(3),278-280. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13383.
  • Weston, S., & Frieman, M. B. (2020). COVID-19: knowns, unknowns, and questions. Msphere, 5(2), 1-5. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00203-20
  • Williams, D. R., & Sternthal, M. J. (2007). Spirituality, religion and health: evidence and research directions. Medical Journal of Australia, 186(S10). doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01040.x
  • Witter, R. A., Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., & Haring, M. J. (1985). Religion and subjective wellbeing in adult hood: A quantitative synthesis. Review of Religious Research, 26(3), 332-342. doi: 10.2307/3511048
  • World Health Organization (2022, March 10). Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/
  • Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior and Immunity. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031
  • Zu, Z. Y., Jiang, M. D., Xu, P. P., Chen, W., Ni, Q. Q., Lu, G. M., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A perspective from China. Radiology, 296(2). doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200490
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research
Authors

Alzira G. Gireyhan This is me 0000-0002-7203-5128

Publication Date June 15, 2022
Submission Date December 11, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gireyhan, A. G. (2022). The Moderator Role of Spirituality on the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19 and Psychological Well-Being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 7(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2022.7.2.164