Social Support and Resilience Among 2023 Türkiye Earthquake Survivors: Spirituality as a Mediator

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 45 - 56, 01.02.2024

Yakup İme

https://doi.org/10.37898/spiritualpc.1380158

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of spirituality in the relationship between social support and resilience among 2023 Türkiye earthquake survivors. A total of 473 earthquake survivors, 293 female (61.9%) and 180 male (38.1%) participated to the study. The age range of earthquake survivors participating in the study ranges from 18-34. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Brief Resilience Scale, and Spiritual Orientation Scale were used to collect data from earthquake survivors who directly experienced the earthquake. Results show significant positive relationships between social support, resilience, and spirituality. Also, the relationship between social support and resilience was mediated by spirituality. Research findings indicate that social support and spirituality can contribute to the recovery processes of earthquake survivors after traumatic events. It is recommended that researchers and practitioners provide systematic social support for earthquake survivors. In addition, spiritual intervention methods can contribute to resilience levels of e earthquake survivors.

Keywords

social support, resilience, spirituality, earthquake, Türkiye

References

• Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461-480. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/jclp.20049
• Aten, J. D., Smith, W. R., Davis, E. B., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., ... & Hill, P. C. (2019). The psychological study of religion and spirituality in a disaster context: A systematic review. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(6), 597. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000431
• Blanc, J., Rahill, G. J., Laconi, S., & Mouchenik, Y. (2016). Religious beliefs, PTSD, depression, and resilience in survivors of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 697-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.046
• Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11, 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
• Captari, L. E., Hook, J. N., Aten, J. D., Davis, E. B., & Tisdale, T. C. (2019). Embodied spirituality following disaster: Exploring intersections of religious and place attachment in resilience and meaning-making. In V. Counted & F. Watts (Eds.), The psychology of religion and place: Emerging perspectives (pp. 49–79). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28848-8_4
• Chen, Y. Y., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Traumatic stress and religion: Is there a relationship? A review of empirical findings. Journal of Religion and Health, 45, 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9040-y
• Crane, M. F., Searle, B. J., Kangas, M., & Nwiran, Y. (2019). How resilience is strengthened by exposure to stressors: The systematic self-reflection model of resilience strengthening. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 32(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10615806.2018.1506640
• Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the brief resilience scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study].  The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
• Doğulu, C., Karanci, A. N., & Ikizer, G. (2016). How do survivors perceive community resilience? The case of the 2011 earthquakes in Van, Turkey. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 16, 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.02.006
• Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yaldız, H. (2000). Generality of support sources and psychometric properties of a scale of perceived social support in Turkey. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35(5), 228–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050232
• Feder, A., Ahmad, S., Lee, E. J., Morgan, J. E., Singh, R., Smith, B. W., ... & Charney, D. S. (2013). Coping and PTSD symptoms in Pakistani earthquake survivors: Purpose in life, religious coping, and social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1-3), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.027
• Fu, C., Leoutsakos, J. M., & Underwood, C. (2013). Moderating effects of a post-disaster intervention on risk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in Chinese children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 663-670. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21871
• García, F. E., Páez-Rovira, D., Cartes Zurtia, G., Neira Martel, H., & Reyes Reyes, A. (2014). Religious coping, social support, and subjective severity as predictors of posttraumatic growth in people affected by the earthquake in Chile on 27/2/2010. Religions, 5(4), 1132-1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel5041132
• Guo, J., Liu, C., Kong, D., Solomon, P., & Fu, M. (2018). The relationship between PTSD and suicidality among Wenchuan earthquake survivors: The role of PTG and social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jad.2018.04.030
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
• Henson, C., Truchot, D., & Canevello, A. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(4), 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100195
• Ikizer, G., Karanci, A. N., & Doğulu, C. (2016). Exploring factors associated with psychological resilience among earthquake survivors from Turkey. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 21(5), 384-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2015.1108794
• İme, Y., & Ümmet, D. (2022). Adaptation of emotional flexibility scale: Its association with subjective well-being and resilience during COVID-19 Pandemic. Child Indicators Research, 15(6), 2141-2154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187022-09959-9
• İme, Y. (2023). The Effect of Online Cognitive Behavioral Group Counseling on Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Resilience in Maraş-Centered Earthquake Survivors. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-023-00526-x
• Kang, X., Fang, Y., Li, S., Liu, Y., Zhao, D., Feng, X., Wang, Y., & Li, P. (2018). The benefits of indirect exposure to trauma: The relationships among vicarious posttraumatic growth, social support, and resilience in ambulance personnel in China. Psychiatry Investigation, 15(5), 452– 459. https://doi.org/ 10.30773/pi.2017.11.08.1
• Kasapoğlu, F. (2015). Development of spiritual orientation scale: The study of validity and reliability. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 51-68. DOI: 10.17679/iuefd.16360640
• Meng, Z., Wu, X., & Han, L. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth among the adult survivors of the Lushan earthquake: Selecting resilience as the moderator. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, 524-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.11.016
• Mesidor, J. K., & Sly, K. F. (2019). Religious coping, general coping strategies, perceived social support, PTSD symptoms, resilience, and posttraumatic growth among survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(2), 130-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1580254
• Milstein, G. (2019). Disasters, psychological traumas, and religions: Resiliencies examined. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(6), 559. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000510
• Park, C.L., & Blake, E.B. (2020). Resilience and recovery following disasters: the meaning making model. In S.E. Schulenberg (Ed.), Positive psychological approaches to disaster: Meaning resilience, and posttraumatic growth (pp.9-25). Springer.
• Rajkumar, A. P., Premkumar, T. S., & Tharyan, P. (2008). Coping with the Asian tsunami: Perspectives from Tamil Nadu, India on the determinants of resilience in the face of adversity. Social Science & Medicine, 67(5), 844-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2008.05.014
• Shaw, A., Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005). Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367467032000157981
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
• Stratta, P., Capanna, C., Riccardi, I., Perugi, G., Toni, C., Dell’Osso, L., & Rossi, A. (2013). Spirituality and Religiosity in the Aftermath of a Natural Catastrophe in Italy. Journal of Religion and Health, 52, 1029-1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9591-z
• Tabachnick B. G. & Fidel, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
• Tang, W., Zhao, J., Lu, Y., Zha, Y., Liu, H., Sun, Y., ... & Xu, J. (2018). Suicidality, posttraumatic stress, and depressive reactions after earthquake and maltreatment: a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 6132 Chinese children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 232, 363-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.081
• Xi, Y., Yu, H., Yao, Y., Peng, K., Wang, Y., & Chen, R. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder and the role of resilience, social support, anxiety and depression after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: A structural equation model. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 101958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101958
• Xu, J., & Liao, Q. (2011). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors one year following 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(1-2), 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.034
• Xu, J., & Ou, L. (2014). Resilience and quality of life among Wenchuan earthquake survivors: the mediating role of social support. Public Health, 128(5), 430-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.03.002
• Vis, J. A., & Marie Boynton, H. (2008). Spirituality and transcendent meaning making: Possibilities for enhancing posttraumatic growth. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 27(1-2), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15426430802113814
• Wang, D., Chen, X. Y., Zhai, S., & Fan, F. (2022). Gratitude and internalizing/externalizing symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake: Mediating roles of social support and resilience. Journal of Adolescence, 94(6), 867-879. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/jad.12070
• Zautra, A., Hall, J. S., & Murray, K. (2010). Resilience: A new definition of health for people and communities. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 3–34). Guildford Press.
• Zimet, G.D., Dahlem, N.W., Zimet, S.G., & Farley, G.K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2