GÜNÜMÜZ POPÜLER DİYETLERİNİN SPOR PERFORMANSINA ETKİLERİ

Öz

Her yaşta ve herkes için önemli olan beslenme, sporcular için de genel sağlık durumunun korunması, kondisyon ve dayanıklılığın artırılması, uzun süren egzersizlerin verimi ve en önemlisi başarı için çok önemlidir. Her sporcunun beslenmesi kendine özgüdür. Sporcular başarıya giden yolda antrenörleri, arkadaşları, başarılı ve/veya popüler sporcuları örnek almakta ve farklı beslenme uygulamaları yapmaktadır. Bununla birlikte vücudu şekillendirmek, yağ yakımını hızlandırmak, bazı etik düşüncelerin etkisi ve dini inanışlar gibi çeşitli nedenlerle vegan, vejetaryen, ketojenik ve aralıklı oruç diyetinin sporcular arasında da popüler olduğu ve uygulanma oranlarının arttığı görülmektedir. Bu diyetlerin yaygınlığı arttıkça bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar da hız kazanmakta ve popüler diyetlerin spor performansına ve sağlık durumuna olan etkileri araştırılmaktadır. Bu makalede, günümüzde sporcular arasında da popüler hale gelen diyetlerin içeriğine, sporcunun sağlığı ve performansına etkilerine ve bu diyetleri uygularken dikkat edilmesi gereken beslenme ilkelerine yer verilerek, popüler diyetlerin kapsamlı bir tartışması yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• popüler diyetler
• sporcu
• spor performansı

THE EFFECTS OF TODAY’S POPULAR DIETS ON SPORTS PERFORMANCE

Öz

Nutrition, which is important for all ages and everyone, is also very important for athletes to maintain general health, increase strength and endurance, the efficiency of long-lasting exercises, and most importantly for success. Each athlete's diet is unique. Athletes take their coaches, friends, successful and / or popular athletes as role models and apply different nutritional practices to be successful. However, it is observed that vegan, vegetarian, ketogenic, and intermittent fasting diets are also popular among athletes and their application rates are increasing due to various reasons such as shaping the body, accelerating fat burning, the effect of some ethical thoughts, and religious beliefs. As the prevalence of these diets increases, studies on this subject gain speed, and the effects of popular diets on sports performance and health status are investigated. In this article, a comprehensive discussion of popular diets has been made by including the content of diets that have become popular among athletes today, their effects on athlete's health and performance, and the nutritional principles that should be considered while applying these diets.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Popular diets
• athletes
• sports performance

Kaynakça

1. Boukhris, O., Hsouna, H., Chtourou, L., Abdesalem, R., BenSalem, S., Tahri, N., Stannard, S., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H. (2019). Effect of ramadan fasting on feelings, dietary intake, rating of perceived exertion and repeated high intensity short-term maximal performance. Chronobiology International, 36(1), 1-10.
2. Boutros, G. H., Landry-Duval, M. A., Garzon, M., & Karelis, A. D. (2020). Is a vegan diet detrimental to endurance and muscle strength?. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(11), 1550-1555.
3. Burke, L. M. (2021). Ketogenic low‐CHO, high‐fat diet: the future of elite endurance sport?. The Journal of Physiology, 599(3), 819-843.
4. Ciuris, C., Lynch, H. M., Wharton, C., & Johnston, C.S. (2019). A comparison of dietary protein digestibility, based on DIAAS scoring, in vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes. Nutrients, 11(12), 3016.
5. Chaouachi, A., Chamari, K., Roky, R., Wong, P., Mbazaa, A., Bartagi, Z., & Amri, M. (2008). Lipid profiles of judo athletes during Ramadan. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(04), 282-288.
6. Craig, W. J. (2009). Health effects of vegan diets. The American journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), 1627S-1633S.
7. Creighton, B. C., Hyde, P. N., Maresh, C. M., Kraemer, W. J., Phinney, S. D., & Volek, J. S. (2018). Paradox of hypercholesterolaemia in highly trained, keto-adapted athletes. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 4(1), e000429.
8. Dinu, M., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A., & Sofi, F. (2017). Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(17), 3640-3649.

9. Forgrieve, J. (2018). The growing acceptance of veganism. Forbes [ONLINE] https://www. forbes. com/sites/janetforgrieve/2018/11/02/picturing-a-kindler-gentler-world-vegan-month.
10. Huang, Q., Ma, S., Tominaga, T., Suzuki, K., & Liu, C. (2018). An 8-Week, Low carbohydrate, high fat, ketogenic diet enhanced exhaustive exercise capacity in mice Part 2: Effect on fatigue recovery, post-exercise biomarkers and anti-oxidation capacity. Nutrients, 10(10), 1339.
11. Kahleova, H., Levin, S., & Barnard, N. D. (2018). Vegetarian dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 61(1), 54-61.
12. Kang, H. C., Chung, D. E., Kim, D. W., & Kim, H. D. (2004). Early‐and late‐onset complications of the ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia, 45(9), 1116-1123.
13. Karli, U., Guvenc, A., Aslan, A., Hazir, T., & Acikada, C. (2007). Influence of Ramadan fasting on anaerobic performance and recovery following short time high intensity exercise. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 6(4), 490.
14. Król, W., Price, S., Śliż, D., Parol, D., Konopka, M., Mamcarz, A., Welnicki, M., Braksator, W. (2020). A Vegan Athlete’s Heart—Is It Different? Morphology and Function in Echocardiography. Diagnostics, 10(7), 477.
15. Larson-Meyer, E. (2018). Vegetarian and vegan diets for athletic training and performance. Sports Science Exchange, 29(188), 1-7.
16. Levy, E., & Chu, T. (2019). Intermittent fasting and its effects on athletic performance: A Review. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 18(7), 266-269.
17. Lis, D. M., Kings, D., & Larson-Meyer, D. E. (2019). Dietary practices adopted by track-and-field athletes: Gluten-free, low FODMAP, vegetarian, and fasting. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(2), 236-245.
18. Lynch, H., Johnston, C., & Wharton, C. (2018). Plant-based diets: Considerations for environmental impact, protein quality, and exercise performance. Nutrients, 10(12), 1841.
19. Ma, S., & Suzuki, K. (2019). Keto-adaptation and endurance exercise capacity, fatigue recovery, and exercise-induced muscle and organ damage prevention: a narrative review. Sports, 7(2), 40.
20. McKay, A. K., Peeling, P., Pyne, D. B., Welvaert, M., Tee, N., Leckey, J. J., Sharma, A. P., Ross, M., Lewis, L. A., Van Swelm, R., Laarakkers C., Burke, L. M. (2019). Acute carbohydrate ingestion does not influence the post-exercise iron-regulatory response in elite keto-adapted race walkers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(6), 635-640.
21. Mc Swiney, F. T., Doyle, L., Plews, D. J., & Zinn, C. (2019). Impact of ketogenic diet on athletes: current insights. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 10, 171-183.
22. Mc Swiney, F., Wardrop, B., Volek, J., & Doyle, L. (2017). Effect of a 12 week low carbohydrate ketogenic diet versus a high carbohydrate diet on blood count indicators of iron status in male endurance athletes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 76(OCE3).
23. Menzel, J., Biemann, R., Longree, A., Isermann, B., Mai, K., Schulze, M. B., Abraham, K., Weikert, C. (2020). Associations of a vegan diet with inflammatory biomarkers. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-8.
24. Moraes, R. C. M. D., Portari, G. V., Ferraz, A. S. M., Da Silva, T. E. O., & Marocolo, M. (2017). Effects of intermittent fasting and chronic swimming exercise on body composition and lipid metabolism. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 42(12), 1341-1346.
25. Moro, T., Tinsley, G., Bianco, A., Marcolin, G., Pacelli, Q. F., Battaglia, G., & Paoli, A. (2016). Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. Journal of Translational Medicine, 14(1), 290.
26. Nebl, J., Haufe, S., Eigendorf, J., Wasserfurth, P., Tegtbur, U., & Hahn, A. (2019). Exercise capacity of vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivorous recreational runners. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 23.
27. Rodríguez-García, C., Sánchez-Quesada, C., Toledo, E., Delgado-Rodríguez, M., & Gaforio, J. J. (2019). Naturally lignan-rich foods: a dietary tool for health promotion? Molecules, 24(5), 917.
28. Rogerson, D. (2017). Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 36.
29. Patterson, R. E., & Sears, D. D. (2017). Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting. Annual Review of Nutrition, 37, 371-93.
30. Pomportes, L., Brisswalter, J., Hays, A., & Davranche, K. (2016). Effect of carbohydrate intake on maximal power output and cognitive performances. Sports, 4(4), 49.
31. Prins, P. J., Koutnik, A. P., D’Agostino, D. P., Rogers, C. Q., Seibert, J. F., Breckenridge, J. A., Jackson, D. S., Ryan, E. J., Buxton, J. D., Ault, D. L. (2020). Effects of an Exogenous Ketone Supplement on five kilometer Running Performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 72(1), 115-127.
32. Shaw, D., Merien, F., Braakhuis, A., Maunder, E. D., & Dulson, D. (2019). Effect of a ketogenic diet on submaximal exercise capacity and efficiency in runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(10), 2135-2146.
33. Tinsley, G. M., Forsse, J. S., Butler, N. K., Paoli, A., Bane, A. A., La Bounty, P. M., Morgan, G. B., Grandjean, P. W. (2017). Time-restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: A randomized controlled trial. European journal of sport science, 17(2), 200-207.
34. Trabelsi, K., Moalla, W., Boukhris, O., Ammar, A., Elabed, K., Hakim, A., & Chtourou, H. (2018). Effects of practicing physical activity during Ramadan fasting on health-related indices: An updated brief review. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health, 1(3), e83789.
35. Trumbo, P., Yates, A. A., Schlicker, S., & Poos, M. (2001). Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(3), 294-301.
36. Wang, F., Zheng, J., Yang, B., Jiang, J., Fu, Y., & Li, D. (2015). Effects of vegetarian diets on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, 4(10), e002408.