Savunma Sanayisinin Güvenlik Politikalarının Yapımındaki Rolü: Otonomlaşmanın Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Savunma sanayisi ve güvenlik/savunma politikaları arasında tarihsel olarak iki yönlü bir etkileşim mevcuttur. Devletlerin belirledikleri güvenlik ihtiyaçları savunma sanayisinin üretimine yön verirken savunma sanayisinin teknolojik yetkinliği, üretim kapasitesi ve finansal sürdürülebilirliğine yönelik ihtiyaçları devletlere sundukları güvenlik ve savunma araçları üzerinde belirleyici etkiye sahiptir. Bu etki, dolaylı olabildiği gibi devletlerin silah üreticilerine kime satış yapabilecekleri konusunda çizdikleri sınırlar ve silah üreticilerinin savunma bütçelerinin oluşturulmasında yürüttükleri lobi faaliyetleri örneklerinde olduğu gibi daha doğrudan da gözlemlenebilmektedir. Savunma teknolojilerinde kaydedilen ilerleme, üzerinde anlamlı insan kontrolü olmadan kullanılabilecek tamamen otonom silahların uzak olmayan bir gelecekte geliştirilmesini gerçekçi bir ihtimal haline getirdi. Bu silahların üretilmesi durumunda savunma sanayisinin güvenlik/savunma politikaları üzerindeki etkisini tekrar gözden geçirmek gerekli olacaktır. Bu çalışmada tamamen otonom silahların geliştirilmesinin savunma sanayisinin politika yapımında sahip olduğu rolü nasıl etkileyeceği ve bu etkinin güvenlik/savunma politikaları üzerindeki demokratik gözetime olası yansımaları tartışılacaktır.

Keywords

• Savunma Sanayisi
• Otonomlaşma
• Güvenlik Yönetişimi

References

1. (2022). Joint Statement on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems First Committee, 77th “United Nations General Assembly Thematic Debate – Conventional Weapons”, 21 Ekim.
2. https://estatements.unmeetings.org/estatements/11.0010/20221021/A1jJ8bNfWGlL/KLw9WYcSnnAm_en.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 3 Kasım 2022).
3. Allen, Gregory (2019). “Understanding China’s AI Strategy”, CNAS Report, 6 Şubat. https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy (Erişim tarihi: 25 Ekim 2022).
4. Article 36 (2016). “Key Elements of Meaningful Human Control”, Background Paper, Nisan. https://www.article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MHC-2016-FINAL.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 27 Eylül 2022).
5. Automated Decision Research (2022). “Artifical Intellegence and Automated Decisions: Shared Challenges in the Civil and Military Spheres”, Eylül. https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ADR-Artificial-intelligence-and-automated-decisions-Single-View.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 15 Ekim 2022).
6. Bächle, Thomas Christian ve Jascha Bareis (2022). “ ‘Autonomous Weapons’ as a Geopolitical Signifier in a National Power Play: Analysing AI Imaginaries in Chinese and US Military Policies”, European Journal of Futures Research, 10(20): 1-18.
7. Balis, Christina (2013). “State Ownership in the European Defense Industry: Change or Continuity?”, European Defense Industrial Base Forum Occasional Paper, AVASCENT.
8. Bo, Martha, Laura Brunn ve Vincent Boulanin (2022). Retaining Human Responsibility in the Development and Use of Autonomous Weapon Systems. Stockholm: SIPRI.

9. Bolton, Matthew ve Thomas Nash (2010). “The Role of Middle Power–NGO Coalitions in Global Policy: The Case of the Cluster Munitions Ban”, Global Policy, 1(2): 172-184.
10. Boulanin, Vincent, Kolja Brockmann ve Luke Richards (2020). Responsible Artificial Intellegence Research and Innovation for International Peace and Security. Stockholm: SIPRI.
11. Boulanin, Vincent, Netta Goussac, Laura Brunn ve Luke Richards (2020). Responsible Military Use of Artifical Intellegence. Stockholm: SIPRI.
12. Carpenter, Charli (2014). “Who’s Afraid of Killer Robots? (and Why)”, Washington Post, 30 Mayıs. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkeycage/wp/2014/05/30/whos-afraid-of-killer-robots-and-why/ (Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2022).
13. Chengeta, Thompson (2016). “Defining the Emerging Notion of Meaningful Human Control in Weapon Systems”, NYU Journal of International Law and Politics, 49(3): 833-890.
14. Connolly, Catherine (2022). “Robotics Industry Takes a Stand”, Stop Killer Robots, 7 Ekim https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/news/robotics-industry-takes-a-stand/ (Erişim tarihi: 30 Ekim 2022).
15. Davison, Neil (2017). “A Legal Perspective: Autonomous Weapon Systems Under International Humanitarian Law”, UNODA Occasional Papers, 30.
16. Davison, Neil (2022). “What Do You Need to Know about Autonomous Weapons”, International Committee of the Red Cross, 26 Temmuz. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-you-need-know-about-autonomous-weapons (Erişim tarihi: 9 Kasım 2022).
17. Dunlap, Charles J. Junior, (2011). “The Military-industrial Complex”, Daedalus, 140(3): 135-147.
18. Dunne, J. Paul, ve Elisabeth Sköns (2014). “The Military Industrial Complex”, Andrew T. H. Tan (ed.), The Global Arms Trade: A Handbook (281-292). London: Routledge.
19. Duygulu, Şirin (2019). Dönüşen Savaşların Değişen Araçları. İstanbul: SET Vakfı İktisadi İşletmesi.
20. Ercan, Ümit (2014). “Güvenlik Faaliyetlerinin Özelleştirilmesi: Paralı Askerler mi? Özel Askeri Birlikler mi?”, Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Terörizm Dergisi, 5(1): 51-67.
21. Erdem, Mete (2015). “İnsancıl Hukukta Martens Kaydı”, İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2): 211-86.
22. Future of Life Institute (2017). “Killer Robots: World’s Top AI and Robotics Companies Urge United Nations to Ban Lethal Autonomous Weapons”, 20 Ağustos. https://futureoflife.org/ai/killer-robots-worlds-top-ai-robotics-companies-urge-united-nations-ban-lethal-autonomous-weapons/ (Erişim tarihi: 13 Eylül 2022).
23. Garcia, Denise (2018). “Lethal Artificial Intellegence and Change: The Future of International Peace and Security”, International Studies Review, 20(2): 334-41.
24. Garcia, Eugenio (2019). “AI and Global Governance: When Autonomous Weapons Meet Diplomacy”, AI and Global Governance Insights, United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, 21 Ağustos. https://cpr.unu.edu/publications/articles/ai-global-governance-when-autonomous-weapons-meet-diplomacy.html (Erişim tarihi: 1 Ekim 2022).
25. Human Rights Watch (2021). “Killer Robots: Survey Shows Opposition Remains Strong”, Human Rights Watch, 2 Şubat. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/02/02/killer-robots-survey-shows-opposition-remains-strong (Erişim tarihi 6 Kasım 2022).
26. Jasanoff, Sheila (2015). “Future Imperfect: Science, Technology, and the Imaginations of Modernity”, Sheila Jasanoff ve Sang-Hyun Kim (ed.), Dreamscapes of Modernity: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Fabrication of Power (1-33). Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.
27. Keck Margaret ve Kathryn Sikkink (1998). Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Cornell University Press.
28. Kerr, Paul (2021). “Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process”, Congressional Research Service, RL31675.
29. Klare, Michael (2019). “Few Tech Firms Limit Autonomous Weapons”, Arms Control Association, Eylül. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2019-09/news/few-tech-firms-limit-autonomous-weapons (Erişim tarihi: 8 Ekim 2022).
30. Kwik, Jonathan (2022). “A Practicable Operationalisation of Meaningful Human Control”, Laws, 11(3): 43-64.
31. Lele, Ajey (2018). “Debating Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems”, Journal of Defence Studies, 13(1): 51-70. Louth, John ve Justin Bronk. (2015). “Science, Technology and the Generation of the Military Instrument”, The RUSI Journal, 160(2): 58–67.
32. Mandel, Robert. (2001). “The Privatization of Security”, Armed Forces & Society, 28(1): 129-51.
33. McFarland, Tim ve Tim McCormack (2015). “Mind the Gap: Can Developers of Autonomous Weapons Systems Be Liable for War Crimes?”, International Law Studies, 5(2): 652-87.
34. Molas-Gallart, Jordi (1997). “Which Way to Go? Defence Technology and the Diversity of ‘Dual-Use Technology Transfer””, Research Policy, 26(3): 367–85.
35. Mowery, David C. (2009). “Plus Ca Change: Industrial R&D in the “Third Industrial Revolution””, Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(1): 1-50.
36. Nayak Dutta, Amrita (2020). “The 5 State-owned Defence Companies Behind China’s Booming Arms Industry”, The Print, 2 Aralık. https://theprint.in/defence/the-5-state-owned-defence-companies-behind-chinas-booming-arms-industry/555295/ (Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2022).
37. Özaydın, Muhammet Hakan ve Esra Pakin Albayrakoğlu (2021). “Türkiye’de Değişen Güvenlik Algıları ve Dönüşen Savunma Sanayi”, Elektronik Siyaset Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1): 18-37.
38. Price, Richard (1998). “Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines”, International Organization, 52(3): 613-644.
39. Sandoz, Yves (1998). “The International Committee of the Red Cross as the Guardian of International Humanitarian Law”, International Committee of the Red Cross, 31 Aralık. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/misc/about-the-icrc-311298.htm (Erişim tarihi: 4 Ekim 2022).
40. Scientists for Global Responsibility (2021). “Scientists Welcome Entry into Force of Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty”, 22 Ocak. https://www.sgr.org.uk/resources/scientists-welcome-entry-force-nuclear-weapons-ban-treaty (Erişim tarihi: 1 Eylül 2022).
41. Shane, Scott ve Daisuke Wakabayasi (2018). “‘The Business of War’: Google Employees Protest Work for the Pentagon”, The New York Times, 4 Nisan. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/technology/google-letter-ceo-pentagon-project.html (Erişim tarihi 9 Kasım 2022).
42. SIPRI (2022). SIPRI Yearbook 2022: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
43. Stop Killer Robots. “Race and Killer Robots: Digital Dehumanisation and Algorithmic Bias”. https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/race-and-killer-robots/ (Erişim tarihi: 1 Eylül 2022).
44. Taylor, Isaac (2021). “Who Is Responsible for Killer Robots? Autonomous Weapons, Group Agency, and the Military-Industrial Complex”, Journal of Applied Philosphy, 38(2): 320-34.
45. Ticehurst, Rupert (1997). “The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict”, International Committee of the Red Cross, 30 Nisan, https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/article/other/57jnhy.htm.
46. Tucker, Patrick (2022). “New Google Division Will Take Aim at Pentagon Battle-Network Contracts”, Defense One, 28 Haziran. https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/06/new-google-division-will-take-aim-pentagon-battle-network-contracts/368691 (Erişim tarihi: 5 Kasım 2022).
47. Verbruggen, Maaike (2019). “The Role of Civilian Innovation in the Development of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems”, Global Policy, 10(3): 338-42.
48. Yıldız, Mete ve Alper Ekmekcioğlu (2018). “Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Savunma Politikaları Açısından İncelenmesi”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 51(3): 27-59.