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An Overview of Digitalization Metrics Used in Economics

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 43 - 64, 30.04.2024

Abstract

This study makes a comparison and an overview of the digitalization indicators used in the economics discipline by categorizing these into the three metrics of ratios, indexes as composite indicators, and monetary indicators, concentrating the matter from the lens of macroeconomic empirical studies. While ratios provide ease in data collection procedures, they can only measure the relevant concept in a limited way. In addition, the dynamic structure of digitalization necessitates frequent revisions of ratios which result in critical issues in working with long-run data. Indexes, on the other hand, can better represent the coverage of the digitalization ecosystem. However, as sub-indexes frequently include ratios, the problems mentioned for ratios are also encountered for indexes. This study finds that as monetary indicators can firmly measure aggregate activities and can be obtained in the long-run, they serve as better proxies to quantify digitalization in the economics discipline. Thus, this research concludes that ratios and indexes are more appropriate to be used in cross-sectional or short-period analyses, while monetary indicators can be utilized in single or multi-country analyses either in the short-run or the long-run. These findings can provide convenience for the issues experienced in measuring digitalization in the economics discipline.

References

  • Aly, H. (2020). “Digital Transformation, Development and Productivity in Developing Countries: Is Artificial Intelligence a Curse Or a Blessing?”, Review of Economics and Political Science, 7(4): 238-256.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu (2022). ”Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2022 Thematic Chapters”, European Commission.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu (2024). “DESI 2023 Dashboard for the Digital Decade”, Web Sitesi https://digital-decade-desi.digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/datasets/desi/indicators (Erişim tarihi: 10.02.2024)
  • Billon, M., Lera-Lopez, F., ve Marco, R. (2010). “Differences in Digitalization Levels: a Multivariate Analysis Studying the Global Digital Divide”, Review of World Economics, 146(1): 39-73.
  • Cámara, N. ve Tuesta, D. (2017). “DiGiX : The Digitization Index DiGiX : the Digitization Index”, BBVA Research Working Papers No: 17/03, February 2017.
  • Chakravorti, B., Chaturvedi, R. S., Filipovic, C. ve Brewer, G. (2020). “The Digital Intelligence Index,” Digital Planet, The Fletcher School at Tufts University, December 1, 2020.
  • Cirillo, V., Evangelista, R., Guarascio, D., ve Sostero, M. (2021). “Digitalization, Routineness and Employment: an Exploration on Italian Task-Based Data”, Research Policy, 50(7): 1-20.
  • Corrocher, N., ve Ordanini, A. (2002). “Measuring the Digital Divide: a Framework for the Analysis of Cross-Country Differences”, Journal of Information Technology, 17(1): 9-19.
  • Dutta, E. S., ve Lanvin, B. (2023). “Network Readiness Index 2023 - Trust in a Network Society : A Crisis of the Digital Age?”, Portulans Institute.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2016). “Digital Dividends Digital Adoption Index (DAI): Measuring the Global Spread of Digital Technologies”, (In Digital Adoption Index (DAI): Measuring the Global Spread of Digital Technologies), World Development Report 2016, Background Note: Digital Dividends, The World Bank.
  • Euler Hermes. (2018). “Measuring Digitagility: The Enabling Digitalization Index (EDI): Which Countries are Digital Friendly?”, Eurler Hermes.
  • Eurostat (2024). “Database”, Web Sitesi, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2024)
  • Evangelista, R., Guerrieri, P., ve Meliciani, V. (2014). “The Economic Impact of Digital Technologies in Europe”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 23(8): 802-824. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2014.918438
  • Febiri, F., ve Hub, M. (2021). “Digitalization of Global Economy: A Qualitative Study Exploring Key Indicators use to Measure Digital Progress in the Public Sector”, SHS Web of Conferences, 92, 05006. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219205006
  • G20 Argentina. (2018). “Toolkit for Measuring the Digital Economy” (Issue Draft Version), G20 Argentina Presidency.
  • Görkey-Aydınoğlu, S., ve Yalkı-Berker, İ. (2016). “The Comparative Development of ICT in BRICS: A Cluster Analysis”, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 11(1): 17-28.
  • Görkey, S. (2022). “Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinin Makroekonomik Değişkenler Üzerindeki Etkileri: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi Uygulaması”. E. Yıldırım Saatçi ve C. Ovacı (ed), Dijital Dönüşüm İklimi: Yönetim, Ekonomi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Perspektifi: 281-318. İstanbul: Çağlayan Kitabevi.
  • Görkey, S., & Yalkı Berker, İ. (2020). “Are the Regulations in Force in Line with the Development of ICT?”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 653: 189-214.
  • Ishida, H. (2015). “The Effect of ICT Development on Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in Japan”. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1): 79-88.
  • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2017). “Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Vol. 1”, Geneva: ITU Publications.
  • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2019). “The ICT Development Index (IDI) Methodology,Indicators and Definitions”, Geneva: ITU Publications.
  • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2023). “Measuring Digital Development: The ICT Development Index 2023”, ITU Publications.
  • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2024). “Statistics”. Web Sitesi. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (Erişim tarihi: 11.01.2024)
  • Kaplan, R. S. ve David, N. (1992) “The Balanced Scorecard: Measures that Drive Performance", Harvard Business Review, 70(1) (January–February 1992): 71-79.
  • Katz, R. ve Callorda, F. (2018). “The economic contribution of broadband, digitization and ICT regulation”, Expert Reports Thematics, ITU Publications. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regulatory-Market/Documents/FINAL_1d_18-00513_Broadband-and-Digital-Transformation-E.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2020)
  • Kotarba, M. (2017). “Measuring Digitalization-Key Metrics”, Foundations of Management, 9(1): 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1515/fman-2017-0010
  • Mammadli, E. ve Klivak, V. (2020). “Measuring the Effect of the Digitalization”, SSRN Electronic Journal, The University of Tartu FEBA. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524823 (Erişim tarihi: 25.05.2022)
  • OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2024). “OECD.Stat”, Web Sitesi. https://stats.oecd.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2024)
  • Polozhikhina, M. A. (2018). “The Digital Economy as a Socio-Economic Phenomenon”, Economic and Social Problems of Russia, 37(1): 8-38.
  • Porokhovskiy, A. (2019). “Digitalisation and Productivity”, USA & Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture, 49(8): 5-24. https://doi.org/10.31857/S032120680005964-4
  • Polutova, M. (2022). “Digitalization and Its Impact on Economic Growth”, Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 42(2): 424-441.
  • Shinjo, K. ve Zhang, X., (2004). “ICT Capital Investment and Productivity Growth: Granger Causality in Japanese and the USA Industries”, mimeo.
  • Solomon, E. M. ve van Klyton, A. (2020). “The Impact of Digital Technology Usage on Economic Growth in Africa”, Utilities Policy, 67: 1-12.
  • Stremousova, E. ve Buchinskaia, O. (2019). “Some Approaches to Evaluation Macroeconomic Efficiency of Digitalisation”, Business, Management and Education, 17(2): 232-247.
  • Wissner, M. (2011). “ICT, growth and productivity in the German Energy Sector: on the Way to a Smart Grid?” Utilities Policy, 19(1): 14-19.
  • Yılmaz, Y. (2021). “Dijital Ekonomiye Geçiş Süreci, Ölçümü ve Dijitalleşme Verimlilik İlişkisi”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(1): 283-316.

İktisatta Kullanılan Dijitalleşme Ölçü Birimleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 43 - 64, 30.04.2024

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, İktisat disiplininde kullanılan dijitalleşme göstergeleri; oranlar, bileşik göstergeleri temsilen endeksler ve parasal göstergeler olmak üzere üç ölçü birimi çerçevesinde karşılaştırılmakta ve özellikle makro iktisadi ampirik araştırmalar açısından bir değerlendirme yapılmaktadır. Yapılan araştırma, oranların kolay elde edilmelerine yönelik güçlü avantajlarına karşın, çok boyutlu dijitalleşme kavramının ancak kısmen ölçebildiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca ilgili kavramın dinamik yapısı, oransal göstergelerin sürekli olarak güncellenmesini gerektirmektedir bu durum ise uzun zaman boyutlu çalışmalar açısından sorun oluşturmaktadır. Endeksler ise dijitalleşme ekosisteminin kapsamını daha iyi temsil etseler de alt göstergelerinde oranları içerdiklerinden oranlar için bahsedilen dezavantajlar endeksler için de geçerli hale gelmektedir. Çalışma ile, İktisat disiplininde dijitalleşmenin parasal göstergeler ile daha iyi temsil edildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bunda, ilgili göstergelerin, dijitalleşmeye yapılan toplulaştırılmış faaliyetleri daha iyi ölçebilmeleri ve uzun dönemli olarak elde edilebilmeleri etkili olmuştur. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma ile ilgili literatürde, oranların ve endekslerin tek ya da kısa dönemli analizlerde kullanılmasının, parasal göstergelerin ise hem kısa hem de uzun dönemli ülke içi ve ülkeler arası araştırmalarda kullanılmasının uygun olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Varılan bu sonuçlar ile dijitalleşmenin ölçümü konusuna, veri ile çalışmanın büyük önem taşıdığı İktisat disiplini açısından katkıda bulunulması amaçlanmaktadır.

References

  • Aly, H. (2020). “Digital Transformation, Development and Productivity in Developing Countries: Is Artificial Intelligence a Curse Or a Blessing?”, Review of Economics and Political Science, 7(4): 238-256.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu (2022). ”Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2022 Thematic Chapters”, European Commission.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu (2024). “DESI 2023 Dashboard for the Digital Decade”, Web Sitesi https://digital-decade-desi.digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/datasets/desi/indicators (Erişim tarihi: 10.02.2024)
  • Billon, M., Lera-Lopez, F., ve Marco, R. (2010). “Differences in Digitalization Levels: a Multivariate Analysis Studying the Global Digital Divide”, Review of World Economics, 146(1): 39-73.
  • Cámara, N. ve Tuesta, D. (2017). “DiGiX : The Digitization Index DiGiX : the Digitization Index”, BBVA Research Working Papers No: 17/03, February 2017.
  • Chakravorti, B., Chaturvedi, R. S., Filipovic, C. ve Brewer, G. (2020). “The Digital Intelligence Index,” Digital Planet, The Fletcher School at Tufts University, December 1, 2020.
  • Cirillo, V., Evangelista, R., Guarascio, D., ve Sostero, M. (2021). “Digitalization, Routineness and Employment: an Exploration on Italian Task-Based Data”, Research Policy, 50(7): 1-20.
  • Corrocher, N., ve Ordanini, A. (2002). “Measuring the Digital Divide: a Framework for the Analysis of Cross-Country Differences”, Journal of Information Technology, 17(1): 9-19.
  • Dutta, E. S., ve Lanvin, B. (2023). “Network Readiness Index 2023 - Trust in a Network Society : A Crisis of the Digital Age?”, Portulans Institute.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2016). “Digital Dividends Digital Adoption Index (DAI): Measuring the Global Spread of Digital Technologies”, (In Digital Adoption Index (DAI): Measuring the Global Spread of Digital Technologies), World Development Report 2016, Background Note: Digital Dividends, The World Bank.
  • Euler Hermes. (2018). “Measuring Digitagility: The Enabling Digitalization Index (EDI): Which Countries are Digital Friendly?”, Eurler Hermes.
  • Eurostat (2024). “Database”, Web Sitesi, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2024)
  • Evangelista, R., Guerrieri, P., ve Meliciani, V. (2014). “The Economic Impact of Digital Technologies in Europe”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 23(8): 802-824. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2014.918438
  • Febiri, F., ve Hub, M. (2021). “Digitalization of Global Economy: A Qualitative Study Exploring Key Indicators use to Measure Digital Progress in the Public Sector”, SHS Web of Conferences, 92, 05006. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219205006
  • G20 Argentina. (2018). “Toolkit for Measuring the Digital Economy” (Issue Draft Version), G20 Argentina Presidency.
  • Görkey-Aydınoğlu, S., ve Yalkı-Berker, İ. (2016). “The Comparative Development of ICT in BRICS: A Cluster Analysis”, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 11(1): 17-28.
  • Görkey, S. (2022). “Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinin Makroekonomik Değişkenler Üzerindeki Etkileri: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi Uygulaması”. E. Yıldırım Saatçi ve C. Ovacı (ed), Dijital Dönüşüm İklimi: Yönetim, Ekonomi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Perspektifi: 281-318. İstanbul: Çağlayan Kitabevi.
  • Görkey, S., & Yalkı Berker, İ. (2020). “Are the Regulations in Force in Line with the Development of ICT?”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 653: 189-214.
  • Ishida, H. (2015). “The Effect of ICT Development on Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in Japan”. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1): 79-88.
  • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2017). “Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Vol. 1”, Geneva: ITU Publications.
  • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2019). “The ICT Development Index (IDI) Methodology,Indicators and Definitions”, Geneva: ITU Publications.
  • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2023). “Measuring Digital Development: The ICT Development Index 2023”, ITU Publications.
  • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2024). “Statistics”. Web Sitesi. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (Erişim tarihi: 11.01.2024)
  • Kaplan, R. S. ve David, N. (1992) “The Balanced Scorecard: Measures that Drive Performance", Harvard Business Review, 70(1) (January–February 1992): 71-79.
  • Katz, R. ve Callorda, F. (2018). “The economic contribution of broadband, digitization and ICT regulation”, Expert Reports Thematics, ITU Publications. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regulatory-Market/Documents/FINAL_1d_18-00513_Broadband-and-Digital-Transformation-E.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2020)
  • Kotarba, M. (2017). “Measuring Digitalization-Key Metrics”, Foundations of Management, 9(1): 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1515/fman-2017-0010
  • Mammadli, E. ve Klivak, V. (2020). “Measuring the Effect of the Digitalization”, SSRN Electronic Journal, The University of Tartu FEBA. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524823 (Erişim tarihi: 25.05.2022)
  • OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2024). “OECD.Stat”, Web Sitesi. https://stats.oecd.org/ (Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2024)
  • Polozhikhina, M. A. (2018). “The Digital Economy as a Socio-Economic Phenomenon”, Economic and Social Problems of Russia, 37(1): 8-38.
  • Porokhovskiy, A. (2019). “Digitalisation and Productivity”, USA & Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture, 49(8): 5-24. https://doi.org/10.31857/S032120680005964-4
  • Polutova, M. (2022). “Digitalization and Its Impact on Economic Growth”, Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 42(2): 424-441.
  • Shinjo, K. ve Zhang, X., (2004). “ICT Capital Investment and Productivity Growth: Granger Causality in Japanese and the USA Industries”, mimeo.
  • Solomon, E. M. ve van Klyton, A. (2020). “The Impact of Digital Technology Usage on Economic Growth in Africa”, Utilities Policy, 67: 1-12.
  • Stremousova, E. ve Buchinskaia, O. (2019). “Some Approaches to Evaluation Macroeconomic Efficiency of Digitalisation”, Business, Management and Education, 17(2): 232-247.
  • Wissner, M. (2011). “ICT, growth and productivity in the German Energy Sector: on the Way to a Smart Grid?” Utilities Policy, 19(1): 14-19.
  • Yılmaz, Y. (2021). “Dijital Ekonomiye Geçiş Süreci, Ölçümü ve Dijitalleşme Verimlilik İlişkisi”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(1): 283-316.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Applied Economics (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selda Görkey 0000-0002-2760-3667

Publication Date April 30, 2024
Submission Date March 14, 2024
Acceptance Date April 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Görkey, S. (2024). İktisatta Kullanılan Dijitalleşme Ölçü Birimleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Social Review of Technology and Change, 2(1), 43-64.