The Effect of Collectivist Coping Methods in Healthcare Professionals on Fear of COVID-19

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of Collectivist Coping Methods on COVID-19 fear in healthcare workers. Material and Method: The study was conducted in descriptive research type. The research was conducted with 290 individuals who volunteered to participate in the study, not selecting the sample, and filling out the google form. Data collection tools are: questionnaire, Coronavirus Fear Scale and Collectivist Coping Styles Inventory. Results: The mean age of the individuals participating in the study was 35.46 ± 10.87, and 67.9% of them were female. The total score of the Coronavirus Fear Scale was found to be 20.15 ± 7.37. This means that healthcare workers experience moderate to high levels of corona virus fear. The Problem Solving Index, which is one of the sub-sections of the Collectivist Coping Styles Inventory, of the healthcare professionals participating in the study was found to be at a medium level. In addition, it was found that among the Collectivist Coping Styles, they mostly used religion and spirituality with family support. In addition, the impact indexes in the period when COVID-19 first started were found higher than they are now. It was determined that healthcare workers were affected by the COVID-19 disease. Conclusion: It was determined that each healthcare worker used Collectivist Coping Methods, which consist of sub-factors such as Family Support, Religion-Spirituality, Avoidance-Separation, Acceptance-Restructuring and Special Emotional Shares.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• Fear of COVID-19
• Collectivist Coping Methods
• Healthcare Professional

SAĞLIK ÇALIŞANLARINDA KOLEKTİVİST BAŞA ÇIKMA YÖNTEMLERİNİN COVID-19 KORKUSU ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlık çalışanlarında Kolektivist Başa Çıkma Yöntemlerinin COVID-19 korkusu üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Materyal ve Metot: Çalışma tanımlayıcı araştırma tipinde yapılmıştır. Örneklem seçimine gidilmeyip, çalışmaya katılmaya gönüllü olan olasılıksız olarak Google formu dolduran 290 birey ile araştırma yapılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak soru formu, Koronavirüs Korkusu Ölçeği ve Kolektivist Başa Çıkma Stilleri Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan bireylerin yaş ortalaması 35.46 ± 10.87 olup %67.9’u kadın olarak belirlenmiştir. Koronavirüs Korkusu Ölçeği toplam puanı 20.15 ± 7.37 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırmaya katılan sağlık çalışanların Problem Çözme Endeksi ise orta düzeyde bulunurken kolektivist başa çıkma stillerinden en fazla aile desteği ile din ve maneviyat yöntemini kullandıkları bulunmuştur. Ayrıca COVID-19’un ilk başladığı dönemde ki etki endeksleri şu ankinden yüksek bulunmuştur. Sağlık çalışanlarının COVID-19 hastalığından etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Her bir sağlık çalışanının Aile Desteği, Din-Maneviyat, Kaçınma-Ayrışma, Kabul-Yeniden Yapılandırma ve Özel Duygusal Paylaşımlar gibi alt faktörlerden oluşan Kolektivist Başa Çıkma Yöntemlerini kullandıkları belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• COVID-19 Korkusu
• Kolektivist Başa Çıkma Yöntemleri
• Sağlık Çalışanları

References

1. Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 171(66), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
2. Ahmed, M. A., Jouhar, R., Ahmed, N., Adnan, S., Aftab, M., Zafar, M. S., & Khurshid, Z. (2020). Fear and practice modifications among dentists to combat Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19, 17(8):2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082821
3. Allen, G. E., & Smith, T. B. (2015). Collectivistic coping strategies for distress among Polynesian Americans. Psychol Serv, 12(3), 322-329. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000039
4. Alwani, S. S., Majeed, M. M., Hirwani, M. Z., Rauf, S., Saad, S. M., Shah, S. H., & Hamirani, F. (2020). Evaluation of knowledge. practices. attitude and anxiety of pakistans nurses towards covıd-19 during the current outbreak in Pakistan. medRxiv, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.05.20123703
5. Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of covıd-19 and positivity: mediating role of ıntolerance of uncertainty. depression. anxiety. and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 5(11), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
6. Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y., & Zhuang, Q. (2020). Psychological ımpact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in hunan between January and March 2020 during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei. China. Med Sci Monit, 26, 924171-1 e924171-16. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924171
7. Cao, J., Wei, J., Zhu, H., Duan, Y., Geng, W., Hong, X., Jiang, J., Zhao, X., & Zhu, B. (2020). A study of basic needs and psychological wellbeing of medical workers in the fever clinic of a tertiary general hospital in beijing during the covıd-19 outbreak. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 89, 252–254. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507453
8. Cheng, C., Wong, W. M., & Tsang, K. W. (2006). Perception of benefits and costs during SARS outbreak: an 18-month prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol, 74, 870-9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.870

9. Çağlar, İ. (2001). Yönetim-Kültür Bağlamında Türk Yönetim Modelinin Saptanmasına Yönelik Kavramsal Bir Çalışma. Gazi Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 3 (3). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gaziuiibfd/issue/28350/301392#article_cite
10. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2013). Multivariate Data Analysis: Pearson Education Limited.
11. Heppner, P. P., Heppner, M. J., Lee, D., Wang, Y., Park, H., & Wang, L. (2006). Development and validation of collectivistic coping styles inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.107
12. Huang, L., Lei, W., Xu, F., Liu, H., & Yu, L. (2020). Emotional responses and coping strategies in nurses and nursing students during Covid-19 outbreak: A comparative study. PLoS One, 15(8), e0237303. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237303
13. Huang, J. Z., Han, M. F., Luo, T. D., Ren, A. K., & Zhou, X. P. (2020). Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi, 38(3), 192-195. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
14. Inman, A., Yeh, C. J., Madan-Bahel, A., & Nath, S. (2007). Bereavement and coping practices of South Asian families post 9/11. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 35(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2007.tb00053.x
15. İskit, A. T., Tanrıöver, M. D., & Uzun, Ö. (2021). Covıd-19 pandemi raporu (20 Mart-20 Kasım 2020). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi.
16. Kang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R., Yao, L., Bai, H., Cai, Z., Yang, B. X., Hu, S., Zhang, K., Wang, G., Ma, C., & Liu, Z. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun, 87, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.
17. Labrague, L. J., & Santos, J. D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19. psychological distress. work satisfaction and turnover intention among front line nurses. Research Square, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168.
18. Maben, J., & Bridges, J. (2020). Covid‐19: Supporting nurses’ psychological and mental health. J Clin Nurs, 29, 2742–2750. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15307.
19. Mao, R., Qiu, Y., He, J. S., Tan, J. Y., Li, X. H., Liang, J., Shen, J., Zhu, L. R., Chen, Y., Lacucci, M., Ng, S. C., Ghosh, S., & Chen, M. H. (2020). Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 5(7), 667-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30126-6.
20. Mok, E., Chung, B. P., Chung, J. W., & Wong, T. K. (2005). An exploratory study of nurses suffering from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Int J Nurs Pract, 11, 150-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2005.00520.x
21. Molina, J. M., Delaugerre, C., Goff, J. L., Mela-Lima, B., Ponscarme, D., Goldwirt, L., & de Castro, N. (2020). No Evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe covıd-19 ınfection. Med Mal Infect, 50(4), 384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006.
22. Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., Lee, H. K., & Roman, R. J. (1995). Spontaneous selfdescriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. J Pers Soc Psychol, 69(1), 142-52. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.1.142
23. Sahu, A. K., Amrithanand, V. T., Mathew, R., Aggarwal, P., Nayer, J., & Bhoi, S. (2020). COVID-19 in health care workers - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med, 38, 1727-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.
24. Saleem, Z., Majeed, M. M., Rafique, S., Siddiqui, Z., Ghandhi, D., & Tariq, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic fear and anxiety among healthcare professionals in Pakistan. Reseach Square, 2, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37608/v2
25. Siu, A., & Chang, J. (2011). Coping styles and psychological stress among Hong-Kong University students: Validation of the collectivist coping styles inventory. International Journal for the Advacement of Counseling, 33(2), 88-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-011-9114-8
26. Styra, R., Hawryluck, L., Robinson, S., Kasapinovic, S., Fones, C., & Gold, W. L. (2008). Impact on health care workers employed in high-risk areas during the Toronto SARS outbreak. J Psychosom Res, 64(2), 177-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.
27. Yazıcı, H., Altun, F., Şahin, M., Tosun, C., Pekdemir, Ü., & Bulut-Yazıcı, E. (2017). Kolektivist başa çıkma stilleri envanterinin türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Journal of Mood Disorders, 7(2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20170304070533
28. Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., & Guan, L. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan. China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 395, 1054-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
29. Wong, P. T. P., & Wong, L. C. J. (2006). (Eds.). Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping. New York: Springer.
30. World Health Organization. (2020). More than 1.700 health workers infected by coronavirus in China 2020; URL: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/14/ more-than-1700-health-workers-infected-by-coronavirusin-china.
31. Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N., (2020). The Effects of Social Support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit, 26, e923549. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549.Aggleton, P. (1990). Health, London: J&L Composition Ltd