Ekoturizmde Sanal Teknolojilerin Kullanımı: Web of Science ve Scopus Veri Tabanları Üzerinden Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz

Abstract

Çalışmada ekoturizm ve sanal teknoloji hakkında bugüne kadar alanyazında geliştirilen çalışmaların bibliyometrik analiz yöntemiyle ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Veri tabanı olarak Web of Science ve Scopus üzerinden çekilen veriler; yayınların evrimi, coğrafi köken ve belge türlerinin analizleri ve grafikleri eğilimler ile dergi, yazar, atıf ve etkili anahtar kelimelerin bibliyometrik analizi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında; ekoturizm ve sanal teknoloji üzerine ilk çalışmanın 2011 yılında yapıldığı, konu alanına ilişkin en fazla katkı ve finansman sağlayan üniversitenin ve ülkenin Çin merkezli olduğu, araştırmacı olarak 3 çalışma 48 atıfla Xueqin Wang’in ilk sırada yer aldığı, en fazla yayın türünün makale olduğu, konu alanının sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerinden Hedef 11 Sürdürülebilir Şehirler ve Topluluklar üzerinde yoğunluk kazandığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma, 2011-2025 yılları arasında ekoturizm ve sanal teknolojiler konu alanında indekslenen WOS ve Scopus yayınlarıyla sınırlıdır.

Keywords

• Ekoturizm
• Sanal Teknolojiler
• Bibliyometrik Analiz

The Use of Virtual Technologies in Ecotourism: A Bibliometric Analysis Using Web of Science and Scopus Databases

Abstract

The aim of this study is to present the studies on ecotourism and virtual technology developed in the literature to date using the bibliometric analysis method. Data from Web of Science and Scopus as databases were used to analyze the evolution of publications, geographical origins and document types, and to analyze trends and graphs of journals, authors, citations and effective keywords through bibliometric analysis. In the light of the findings obtained, it was revealed that the first study on ecotourism and virtual technology was conducted in 2011, the university and country that provided the most contributions and funding to the subject area were based in China, Xueqin Wang was in first place as a researcher with 3 studies and 48 citations, the most publication type was article, and the subject area concentrated on Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities, one of the sustainable development goals. This study was limited to WOS and Scopus publications indexed on the subject area of ecotourism and virtual technologies during 2011-2025.

Keywords

• Ecotourism
• Virtual Technologies
• Bibliometric Analysis
• Vosviewer

References

1. Al-Ghaili, A. M., Kasim, H., Al-Hada, N. M., Hassan, Z. B., Othman, M., Tharik, J. H., Kasmani, R. M., & Shayea, I. (2022). A review of metaverse’s definitions, architecture, applications, challenges, issues, solutions, and future trends. IEEE Access, 10, 125835–125866. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3225015
2. Boley, B. B., Maruyama, N., & Woosnam, K. M. (2015). Measuring empowerment in an eastern context: Findings from Japan. Tourism Management, 50, 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.013
3. Börner, K. (2010). Atlas of science: Visualising what we know. MIT Press.
4. Brooks, F. P. (1999). What’s real about virtual reality? IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19(6), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1109/38.799723
5. Browning, M., Suppakittpaisarn, P., Shan, J., & Joseph, A. (2020). Human health assessments of green infrastructure designs using virtual reality. Landscape Architecture, 27(9), 35–49.
6. Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29(4), 609–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.01.005
7. Calogiuri, G., Litleskare, S., Fagerheim, K. A., Rydgren, T. L., Brambilla, E., & Thurston, M. (2018). Experiencing nature through immersive virtual environments: Environmental perceptions, physical engagement, and affective responses during a simulated nature walk. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2321. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02321
8. Carvalho, I., & Ivanov, S. (2024). ChatGPT for tourism: Applications, benefits and risks. Tourism Review, 79(2), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2023-0088

9. Ciğerci, E. (2025). Sanal yolculuklar, gerçek deneyimler: AR/VR ile yeni nesil turizm pazarlaması. Uluslararası Akademik Birikim Dergisi, 8(2), 307–318.
10. Çinbilgel, İ., & Ergün, G. S. (2022). Scopus veritabanı üzerinde ekoturizmin bibliyometrik analizi (Bibliometric analysis of ecotourism on scopus literature). Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 10(2), 1053–1065. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2022.1022
11. Çuhadar, H. (2024). Güncel konutu sanal teknolojiler üzerinden okumak [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
12. Demir, C., & Çevirgen, A. (2006). Ekoturizm yönetimi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
13. Dinç, A., Bahar, M., & Topsakal, Y. (2023). Ecotourism research: A bibliometric review. Tourism & Management Studies, 19(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2023.190103
14. Egger, R., & Buhalis, D. (2008). Introduction. In R. Egger & D. Buhalis (Eds.), eTourism case studies: Management & marketing issues in eTourism (pp. 1–3). Butterworth-Heinemann.
15. Erdoğan, N. (2003). Çevre ve (eko)turizm. ERK Yayınları.
16. Fan, L., & Baharum, M. R. (2024). The effects of digital nature and actual nature on stress reduction: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Internet Interventions, 100772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2024.100772
17. Fatma, A., & Bhatt, V. (2024). ‘Reality’ influencing ‘Actuality’: The role of augmented and virtual reality on ecotourism travel intention. Journal of Ecotourism, 23(3), 436–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2023.2185265
18. Fennell, D. (2003). Ecotourism. Bıçaklar Kitapevi Basım Yayınevi.
19. Ghandour, R., & Bakalova, R. (2014). Social media influence on the holiday decision making process in the UK (Generation Y). Journal of Organisational Studies and Innovation, 1(2), 41–54.
20. González-Rodríguez, M. R., Martínez-Torres, R., & Toral, S. (2016). Post-visit and pre-visit tourist destination image through eWOM sentiment analysis and perceived helpfulness. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(11), 2609–2627. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2015-0057
21. Grønflaten, Ø. (2009). Predicting travelers’ choice of information sources and information channels. Journal of Travel Research, 48(2), 230–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509332333
22. Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management, 31(5), 637–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.003
23. Hasana, U., Swain, S. K., & George, B. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of ecotourism: A safeguard strategy in protected areas. Regional Sustainability, 3(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2022.03.001
24. Hjalager, A. M. (2010). A review of innovation research in tourism. Tourism Management, 31(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.012
25. Hommes Studio. (2022). What is metaverse architecture. https://hommes.studio/journal/what-is-metaverse-architecture/
26. Huang, G., & Wang, Z. (2022). The application of virtual reality technology in the coordination and interaction of regional economy and culture in the sustainable development of ecotourism. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022, 9847749. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9847749
27. İnan, H. E. (2023). Doğa temelli sanal gerçeklik aktivitelerinin algılanan restorasyon, stres ve ruh hali üzerindeki etkisi [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. Anadolu Üniversitesi.
28. Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.
29. Khanra, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., & Mantymaki, M. (2022). Bibliometric analysis and literature review of ecotourism: Toward sustainable development. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, 100777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100777
30. Klarin, A. (2019). Mapping product and service innovation: A bibliometric analysis and a typology. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 149, 119776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119776
31. Koçkaya, F. A. (2025). Digital transformations in tourism marketing. Socrates Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Researches, 11(51), 125–138.
32. Liu, S., & Li, W. Y. (2020). Ecotourism research progress: A bibliometric analysis during 1990-2016. SAGE Open, 10(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020924052
33. Liu, X., Zhang, J., Hou, G., & Wang, Z. (2018). Virtual reality and its application in military. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 170, 032155. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/170/3/032155
34. Liu, Y., Lin, Y., Shi, R., Luo, Y., & Liang, H. N. (2021). Relicvr: A virtual reality game for active exploration of archaeological relics. Extended Abstracts of the 2021 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1145/3450307.3460786
35. Mandal, S. (2013). Brief introduction of virtual reality & its challenges. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 4(4), 304–309.
36. Orduña-Malea, E., & Costas, R. (2021). Link-based approach to study scientific software usage: The case of VOSviewer. Scientometrics, 126(9), 8153–8186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04082-y
37. Oyewola, D. O., & Dada, E. G. (2022). Exploring machine learning: A scientometrics approach using bibliometrix and VOSviewer. SN Applied Sciences, 4(5), 143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-022-05027-7
38. Öztürk, Y. (2020). Aşırı turizm, turizm karşıtlığı ve turizmde virtual technologies üzerine bir değerlendirme. Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 8(Special Issue 4), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2020.707
39. Öztürk, O., Kocaman, R., & Kanbach, D. K. (2024). How to design bibliometric research: An overview and a framework proposal. Review of Managerial Science, 18(11), 3333–3361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00701-w
40. Özyurt Kaptanoglu, R. (2025). “Social Intelligence” kavramının bibliyometrik analizi ve liderlik bağlamında yorumlanması. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 6(3), 458–491. https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1646407
41. Pajo, A. (2025). Turizm işletmelerinde metaverse kullanımı ve gelecekteki kullanımına yönelik beklentiler. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(2), 793–812. https://doi.org/10.48119/manas.1481845
42. Puig, A., Rodríguez, I., Arcos, J. L., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J. A., Cebrián, S., Bogdanovych, A., ... & Piqué, R. (2020). Lessons learned from supplementing archaeological museum exhibitions with virtual reality. Virtual Reality, 24(2), 343–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-019-00391-1
43. Rainoldi, M., Driescher, V., Lisnevska, A., Zvereva, D., Stavinska, A., Relota, J., & Egger, R. (2018). Virtual reality: An innovative tool in destinations marketing. The Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 9(1), 53–68.
44. Reznek, M., Harter, P., & Krummel, T. (2002). Virtual reality and simulation: Training the future emergency physician. Academic Emergency Medicine, 9(1), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb01275.x
45. Selmanovic, E., Rizvic, S., Harvey, C., Boskovic, D., Hulusic, V., Chahin, M., & Sljivo, S. (2018). VR video storytelling for intangible cultural heritage preservation. The 16th Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage (EG GCH), 12–15 November, Vienna.
46. Serrano, B., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2016). Virtual reality and stimulation of touch and smell for inducing relaxation: A randomized controlled trial. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.007
47. Singh, R., Sibi, P. S., & Sharma, P. (2022). Journal of ecotourism: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Ecotourism, 21(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1915307
48. Sonuç, N. (2014). Sürdürülebilir turizm kavramsal yaklaşım. M. Kozak (Ed.), Sürdürülebilir turizm: Kavramlar, uygulamalar içinde (s. 13–28). Detay Yayıncılık.
49. Timur, B., & Köz, E. N. (2022). Turizmde sanal gerçeklik ve artırılmış gerçeklik çalışmaları üzerine sistematik bir literatür taraması. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 9(1), 233–251.
50. Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In Behavior and the natural environment (pp. 85–125). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3539-9_4
51. Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6143002
52. Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
53. Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2013). VOSviewer manual. Leiden University.
54. Yang, L., Xu, D., & Yuan, S. (2025). The progress of ecotourism research in China: Identifying key areas, highlights, and trends through bibliometric analysis. Sustainability, 17(4), 1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041423
55. Zhang, Y., & Deng, B. (2024). Exploring the nexus of smart technologies and sustainable ecotourism: A systematic review. Heliyon, 10(11), e31639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31639