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A Theme of Counter-Reformation in Western Art: Mary of Loreto

Year 2019, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 207 - 225, 03.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.517943

Abstract

This article is an attempt to examine the depictions of Mary of Loreto, as a theme that mainly found in Italian art, its emergence and relation to the religious environment of the period in which it emerged, as well as its transformations within the context of the Counter-Reformation principles. The first examples of its appearing in the period of Counter-Reformation, the theme of Mary of Loreto increased its effect throughout the same period by introducing Loreto as a Catholic center of pilgrimage. Several approches to the Marian cult, such as the one that postulated by the Catholic Church in accordance with decisions of the Council of Trent and the approaches of the Jesuits and Franciscans are also the subjects to be discussed here, due to their important roles in the development of the cult. Following a short explanation on the legend of the Holy House (Santa Casa) in the Holy Land and the protection of Santa Casa during the Crusades, the article dwells on the architecture and the architectural decoration of Sanctuary of the Holy House (Basilica della Santa Casa) which moved from Nazareth to Loreto. Starting from the earliest examples of Mary of Loreto, the main part of the study defines the forms of the scene in terms of presentation by focusing on the development of the Marian cult within the framework of the Counter-Reformation principles. The conclusion evaluates the iconographic development of the depictions of Mary of Loreto in Italian art with regard to the same principles.

References

  • Barcham, W. (1979). Giambattista Tiepolo’s Ceiling for S.Maria di Nazareth in Venice: Legend, Traditions, and Devotions, The Art Bulletin, 61 (3), New York: College Art Association, 440-447.
  • Brubaker, L. (1987). The Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch (satire of Globus Cruciger), Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 5, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 564.
  • Bulgarelli, M. (1990). La Santa Casa di Loreto: l’edificio sacro e le sue copie, Lotus International Magazine of Architecture, 65, Milano: Editorale Lotus, 87.
  • Ferguson, G. (1955). Signs and Symbols in Christian Art, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Garratt, W. (1895). Loreto the New Nazareth and Its Centenary Jubilee, New York: Art and Book Company.
  • Grimaldi, F. (1993). La Historia della Chiesa di Santa Maria di Loreto, Loreto: Tecnostampa di Loreto.
  • Hall, J. (1983). A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art, London: John Murray Publishers.
  • Hamilton, A. (2008). Translating The Sacred: Piety, Politics and The Changing Image of The Holy House of Loreto, (Master Thesis), The University of Oregon / The Department of Art History, Oregon USA.
  • Marini, F. (2006). Art Classics: Caravaggio, New York: Rizzoli International Publications.
  • Meiss, M. (1978). Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death: The Arts, Religion, and Society in the Mid-Fourteenth Century, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Montaigne, M. (2012). Yol Günlüğü, Ömer Bozkurt (Trans.), İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Murray, P. & Murray, L. (2004). A Dictionary of Christian Art, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Parlby, G. (Ed.). (2007). The Origins of Marian Art: The Evolution of Marian Imagery in the Western Church Until AD 431, Mary: The Complete Resource, London: Oxford University Press, 110.
  • Phillips, G. E. (2012). Loreto and the Holy House: Its History Drawn from Authentic Sources, UK: HardPress Publishing.
  • Piovene, G. (1967). L’Opera Completa Del Tiepolo: Classici dell’Arte. Milano: Rizzoli Editore.
  • Sarıkçıoğlu, E. (2005). Diğer İnciller (Apokrif İnciller), Isparta: Fakülte Kitabevi.
  • Seydl, J. L. (2005). Giambattista Tiepolo: Fifteen Oil Sketches, Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Publications.
  • Sözen, M. & Tanyeli, U. (2007). Sanat Kavram ve Terimleri Sözlüğü, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Tükel, U. & Yüzgüller Arsal, S. (2014). Sözden İmgeye Batı Sanatında İkonografi, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Vasquez, R. A. (1990). The Representation of Purgatory in a Colonial Painting From Latin America, (Master Thesis), The University of Maryland / Department of Art History, Maryland USA.
  • Visscher, E. (Ed.) (2007). Marian Devotion in the Latin West in the Later Middle Ages, Mary: The Complete Resource, London: Oxford University Press, 180.
  • Web Gallery of Art: http://www.wga.hu/index1.html (Accessed in 20.05.2014)
  • Fondazione Federico Zeri |Universita Di Bologna| Catalogo Fototeca: http://catalogo.fondazionezeri.unibo.it/ (Accessed in 10.05.2016)
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art: http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436445 (Accessed in 14.10.2015)
  • Caravaggista: http://caravaggista.com/2013/08/a-quiet-holiness-caravaggios-madonna-di-loreto/madonna-di-loreto-carracci-1604-5/ (Accessed in 14.10.2015)
  • Lombardia Beni Culturali: http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/opere-arte/schede/1m020-00045/ (Accessed in 15.11.2015)
  • Wikimedia: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Madonna_di_Loreto_e_San_Nicola.jpg (Accessed in 10.12.2015)

Batı Sanatında Bir Karşı-Reformasyon Teması: Loreto Meryem’i

Year 2019, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 207 - 225, 03.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.517943

Abstract

Bu makalenin konusu, İtalyan sanatına özgü bir tema olarak seçkinleşen Loreto Meryem’i betimleri ve bu betim tipinin ortaya çıkışı, dönemin dinsel ortamıyla ilişkisi, ele alınan sahne şemasının gelişimi oluşturmaktadır. Loreto Meryem’i, ilk örnekleri bu dönemde verilen, Loreto’nun Katolik Kilisesi’nin hac merkezlerine katılmasıyla İtalyan ikonografisine özgü bir temaya dönüşen ve etkisini Karşı-Reformasyon süreciyle artıran bir betim tipidir. Bunun yanı sıra Karşı-Reformasyon döneminde Trento Konsili kararları gereğince Katolik inancının öne sürdüğü Meryem kültü ve bu kültün gelişiminde önemli rol üstlenen Fransisken ve Cizvit tarikatlarının yaklaşımları ele alınan konular arasındadır. Kutsal Ev’in efsanesine ilişkin incelemenin ardından Nasıra’dan Loreto’ya taşınan Ev için inşa edilen Basilica della Santa Casa’nın (Kutsal Ev Bazilikası) mimarisine değinilmiştir. En erken örneklerinden başlayarak İtalyan sanatındaki Loreto Meryem’i betimleri ele alınmış ve gösterim biçimi açısından sahne kalıpları saptanmıştır. Karşı-Reformasyon ilkeleri bağlamında Meryem kültünün yükselişi ve Loreto Meryem’i temasının etkili olduğu dönem üzerine odaklanılarak bu temayailişkin örneklere yer verilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde ise, Loreto Meryem’i betimlerinin İtalyan sanatındaki ikonografik gelişimi ve Karşı-Reformasyon ilkeleri bağlamında temanın ele alınışı üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

References

  • Barcham, W. (1979). Giambattista Tiepolo’s Ceiling for S.Maria di Nazareth in Venice: Legend, Traditions, and Devotions, The Art Bulletin, 61 (3), New York: College Art Association, 440-447.
  • Brubaker, L. (1987). The Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch (satire of Globus Cruciger), Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 5, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 564.
  • Bulgarelli, M. (1990). La Santa Casa di Loreto: l’edificio sacro e le sue copie, Lotus International Magazine of Architecture, 65, Milano: Editorale Lotus, 87.
  • Ferguson, G. (1955). Signs and Symbols in Christian Art, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Garratt, W. (1895). Loreto the New Nazareth and Its Centenary Jubilee, New York: Art and Book Company.
  • Grimaldi, F. (1993). La Historia della Chiesa di Santa Maria di Loreto, Loreto: Tecnostampa di Loreto.
  • Hall, J. (1983). A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art, London: John Murray Publishers.
  • Hamilton, A. (2008). Translating The Sacred: Piety, Politics and The Changing Image of The Holy House of Loreto, (Master Thesis), The University of Oregon / The Department of Art History, Oregon USA.
  • Marini, F. (2006). Art Classics: Caravaggio, New York: Rizzoli International Publications.
  • Meiss, M. (1978). Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death: The Arts, Religion, and Society in the Mid-Fourteenth Century, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Montaigne, M. (2012). Yol Günlüğü, Ömer Bozkurt (Trans.), İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Murray, P. & Murray, L. (2004). A Dictionary of Christian Art, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Parlby, G. (Ed.). (2007). The Origins of Marian Art: The Evolution of Marian Imagery in the Western Church Until AD 431, Mary: The Complete Resource, London: Oxford University Press, 110.
  • Phillips, G. E. (2012). Loreto and the Holy House: Its History Drawn from Authentic Sources, UK: HardPress Publishing.
  • Piovene, G. (1967). L’Opera Completa Del Tiepolo: Classici dell’Arte. Milano: Rizzoli Editore.
  • Sarıkçıoğlu, E. (2005). Diğer İnciller (Apokrif İnciller), Isparta: Fakülte Kitabevi.
  • Seydl, J. L. (2005). Giambattista Tiepolo: Fifteen Oil Sketches, Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Publications.
  • Sözen, M. & Tanyeli, U. (2007). Sanat Kavram ve Terimleri Sözlüğü, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Tükel, U. & Yüzgüller Arsal, S. (2014). Sözden İmgeye Batı Sanatında İkonografi, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Vasquez, R. A. (1990). The Representation of Purgatory in a Colonial Painting From Latin America, (Master Thesis), The University of Maryland / Department of Art History, Maryland USA.
  • Visscher, E. (Ed.) (2007). Marian Devotion in the Latin West in the Later Middle Ages, Mary: The Complete Resource, London: Oxford University Press, 180.
  • Web Gallery of Art: http://www.wga.hu/index1.html (Accessed in 20.05.2014)
  • Fondazione Federico Zeri |Universita Di Bologna| Catalogo Fototeca: http://catalogo.fondazionezeri.unibo.it/ (Accessed in 10.05.2016)
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art: http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436445 (Accessed in 14.10.2015)
  • Caravaggista: http://caravaggista.com/2013/08/a-quiet-holiness-caravaggios-madonna-di-loreto/madonna-di-loreto-carracci-1604-5/ (Accessed in 14.10.2015)
  • Lombardia Beni Culturali: http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/opere-arte/schede/1m020-00045/ (Accessed in 15.11.2015)
  • Wikimedia: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Madonna_di_Loreto_e_San_Nicola.jpg (Accessed in 10.12.2015)
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section REVIEW
Authors

Tüles Üresin 0000-0002-6096-7753

Publication Date May 3, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 28 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Üresin, T. (2019). A Theme of Counter-Reformation in Western Art: Mary of Loreto. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 28(1), 207-225. https://doi.org/10.29135/std.517943