Alternatif Bir Modern Amerikan Sanatı: David Park ve Körfez Bölgesi Figüratif Resmi

Year 2024, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 29 - 51, 22.08.2024

Ö. Eren Koyunoğlu

https://doi.org/10.29135/std.1403432

Abstract

Amerika’nın Batı Yakası’nda bulunan ve San Francisco’nun merkezi olduğu Körfez Bölgesi, 20. yüzyıl başlarında modern sanat akımlarının etkisine girmiş ve 1940’lı yıllara gelindiğinde Amerikan modern sanatın gelişimine katkı sağlayacak bir pozisyona gelmiştir. 1930’larda Diego Rivera ve Hans Hofmann gibi yabancı sanatçıların etkisiyle Toplumsal Gerçekçilik ve Avrupa modern sanat yaklaşımlarını deneyimleyen Körfez Bölgesi, 1940’larda bölgeye gelen Sürrealizm’in etkisiyle 1940’ların ikinci yarısında özgün bir modern Amerikan sanatı olan Amerikan Soyut Dışavurumculuğu’nun örneklerini vermeye başlamıştır. Clyfford Still’in radikal sanat üretimi ve eğitim tarzının öncülüğünde bu akımın Batı’daki merkezi haline gelen San Francisco, 1950 yılına gelindiğinde Still’in bölgeden ayrılması ile sanatsal yönünü değiştirmiştir. 1949 yılından itibaren erken döneminde Still’in etkisiyle yaptığı soyut sanatı sorgulamaya başlayan David Park, soyutla figüratif yaklaşımı birleştiren özgün bir anlayış geliştirerek bölgedeki 1950 sonrası dönemin ana figürü olmuştur. Park’ın dönemin alternatifsiz “doğru” kabul edilen üslubunun bir çeşitlemesini yapmak yerine ona alternatif olarak öne sürdüğü bu yaklaşımı bir süre sonra bölge sanatçılarının büyük çoğunluğu takip etmeye başlamıştır. Körfez Bölgesi Figüratif Hareketi ismini alan bu yaklaşım bölgenin kültürel ve estetik özellikleriyle şekillenmiş ve Amerikan Soyut Dışavurumculuğu’nun otoritesini kırmayı başararak 1940’lı yıllar ile 1960’lı yıların sanatsal hareketleri arasında bir köprü oluşturmuştur. Bu makale, David Park’ın ve yarattığı Körfez Bölgesi Figüratif Hareketi’ni, bölgenin sanatsal dokusu ve tarihi açısından inceleyip değerlendirerek, özgün Amerikan Modern Sanatı içindeki yerlerini ve önemlerini ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Makalede Körfez Bölgesi’nin kendine bölgesel ve kültürel özellikleri açıklanmış, bölgenin sanat ortamının süreçleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda Amerikan Soyut Dışavurumculuğu’na alternatif olarak ortaya çıkan Körfez Bölgesi Figüratif Hareketi’nin neden ve nasılları, David Park ve eserleri üzerinden ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Modern sanat, Clement Greenberg, figüratif resim, Batı Yakası, Amerikan Soyut Dışavurumculuğu, David Park, Körfez Bölgesi Figüratif Hareketi

An Alternative Modern American Art: David Park and the Bay Area Figurative Painting

Abstract

Located on the West Coast of the United States, the Bay Area, with San Francisco as its main hub, has a distinct cultural and artistic identity from the East Coast. Building on its vibrant cultural scene that developed in the 19th century, the region became increasingly influenced by modern art movements during the early 20th century. By the 1940s, it was not only receiving artistic influences but was also contributing significantly to American modern art. In the 1930s, the Bay Area was introduced to Social Realism and European modern art, largely due to the influence of foreign artists, notably Diego Rivera and Hans Hofmann. As the 1940s progressed, the Bay Area began producing examples of American Abstract Expressionism, influenced in part by the introduction of Surrealism to the region through European artists who emigrated to America due to World War II. San Francisco, propelled by Clyfford Still’s unique artistic and teaching methods, emerged as the focal point of this movement in the West. However, when Still left the region after a combination of personal conflicts; tensions with other faculty members and possibly the broader changes and challenges in the art scene at the California School of Fine Arts in 1950, a noticeable shift in the artistic direction started to take place in the Bay Area. Around this time, David Park, who had previously created abstract art under Still’s influence, had already begun to be disillusioned by Still’s cult image. Consequently, he re-evaluated his approach to art and destroyed all his previous abstract paintings in 1949. After that time, he developed a new approach to painting which blended both abstract and figurative elements. This novel approach of David Park with later contributions from Richard Diebenkorn and Elmer Bischoff, led to the birth of the Bay Area Figurative Movement. Rooted in the cultural and aesthetic traits of the region, the movement emphasized a genuine connection with daily life, challenging prevailing notions about American Abstract Expressionism. It was not a variation but an alternative to the American Abstract Expressionism. Gaining national recognition after the Oakland Art Museum exhibit in 1957, the movement gained traction among local artists and started to challenge the dominance of American Abstract Expressionism in the region. By the time of his death in 1960, Park had introduced nearly all of the Bay Area’s leading artists to figurative art. With the participation of dozens of painters, the Bay Area Figurative Movement became as widespread and mainstream as the American Abstract Expressionism that preceded it. Furthermore, it is now also seen as an important art movement that functioned as a conduit between the American Abstract Expressionism of the 1940s and the emergent Funk art of the 1960s. This article examines the role of David Park and the Bay Area Figurative Movement within the artistic history of the region, emphasizing their significance in the broader context of American Modern Art.

Keywords

Clement Greenberg, figurative painting, West Coast, American Abstract Expressionism, David Park, Bay Area Figurative Painting, Modern art

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