Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 117 - 137
https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.1618404

Abstract

References

  • Aksan, Z., & Çelikler, D. (2019). Mental models regarding the concepts of “space,” “universe,” and “galaxy” among secondary school students. Elementary Education Online, 18(3), 1131–1140. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.610844
  • Aksan, Z., Yenikalaycı, N., & Çelikler, D. (2017). The middle-school students’ knowledge level related to the concepts of “planet” and “star.” Proceedings of the International Congress on Contemporary Educational Research, 166–172, Muğla.
  • Alın, G., & İzgi, Ü. (2017). Examining misconceptions of primary school students about the concept of stars. Journal of Social Sciences, 4(10), 202–214. https://doi.org/10.16990/SOBIDER.3367
  • Arslan, E. (2022). Validity and reliability in qualitative research. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, Special Issue 1(51), Ö395–Ö407. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1116878
  • Bailey, J. (2007). Development of a concept inventory to assess students’ understanding and reasoning difficulties about the properties and formation of stars. Astronomy Education Review, 2(6), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.3847/AER2007028
  • Babaoğlu, G., & Keleş, Ö. (2017). Determining 6th grade students’ perceptions of the concepts of ‘Earth’, ‘Moon’, and ‘Sun’. Theory and Practice in Education, 13(4), 601–636. https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.347791
  • Bela, M., Mendes, M. B. I., & Vairinhos, M. (2023). An augmented reality application to better understand 3D astronomy concepts in the 7th grade. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT58122.2023.00081
  • Bitzenbauer, P., Navarrete, S., Hennig, F., Ubben, M. S., & Veith, J. M. (2023). Cross-age study on secondary school students’ views of stars. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 19(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020165
  • Bolat, A., Aydoğdu, R. Ü., Uluçınar Sağır, Ş., & Değirmenci, S. (2014). Determining fifth-grade students’ misconceptions about the concepts of the Sun, Earth and Moon. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 3(1), 218–229.
  • Bostan Sarıoğlan, A., Küçüközer, H., & Küçüközer, H. A. (2016). Preservice elementary teachers' conceptual understanding about the concept of the universe. Bayburt Journal of Faculty of Education, 11(2), 645–654.
  • Bülbül, E., İyibil, Ü. G., & Şahin, Ç. (2013). Determining eighth-grade students' perceptions about astronomy concepts. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 2(3), 182–191. Retrieved from http://www.jret.org/FileUpload/ks281142/File/22.bulbul.pdf
  • Can, S., & Görecek-Baybars, M. (2018). Secondary school students’ mental models regarding space. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(2), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n4p122
  • Carless, D., & Lam, R. (2014). The examined life: Perspectives of lower primary school students in Hong Kong. Education 3-13, 42(3), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2012.689988
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2021). Research methods in education (E. Dinç & K. Kıroğlu, Eds.; Turkish translation). Pegem Academy.
  • Conlon, M., Coble, K., Bailey, J. M., & Cominsky, L. R. (2017). Investigating undergraduate students’ ideas about the fate of the universe. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 13(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.13.020128
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (Demir, S. B. & Bütün, M., Trans.). Siyasal Bookshop.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2021). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (S. B. Demir & M. Bütün, Trans.). Siyasal Bookshop. (Original work translated from the 3rd edition).
  • Çakıcı, Y. (2010). Constructivist approach in science education and students’ misconceptions. Trakya University Journal of Social Sciences, 12(1), 89–115.
  • Çakır, S. (2020). Mental perceptions of third- and fourth-grade primary school students regarding the concepts of Sun, Earth, Moon and stars. [Unpublished master's thesis, Mersin University]
  • Çalışkan, A. (2023). Middle school students’ perceptions of the concept of the universe. Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Education, 7(1), 1–15.
  • Çardak, O. (2009). Science students’ misconceptions of the water cycle according to their drawings. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(5), 865–873. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2009.865.873
  • Çoramık, M., & Özdemir, E. (2021). Determining primary school students’ perceptions of the concept of force through drawings. Journal of International Social Research, 18(42), 5516–5541. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.937992
  • Dikmenli, M. (2010). Misconceptions of cell division held by student teachers in biology: A drawing analysis. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(2), 235–247.
  • Direkci, D. (2014). A phenomenographic study on the conceptual images of fifth-grade students regarding the Sun, Earth and Moon. [Unpublished master's thesis, Gaziantep University].
  • Durukan, Ü. G., Güntepe, E. T., & Usta, N. D. (2023). Evaluation of the effectiveness of augmented reality-based teaching material: The Solar System. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 39(12), 2542–2556. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2121041
  • Düşkün, İ. (2011). Developing a Sun–Earth–Moon model and its effect on preservice science teachers’ academic success in astronomy education. [Unpublished master's thesis, İnönü University].
  • Goenner, H. F. M. (2010). What kind of science is cosmology? Annalen der Physik, 522(6), 389–418. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.201010450
  • Gödek, Y., Polat, D., & Kaya, V. H. (2019). Misconceptions in science teaching: Identification, correction, and practical examples. Pegem Academy: Ankara.
  • Görecek Baybars, M., & Çil, M. (2019). Middle school students’ mental models regarding the Solar System. Journal of Sciences of Muş Alparslan University, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.521940
  • Hansson, L., & Redfors, A. (2006). Swedish upper secondary students’ views of the origin and development of the universe. Research in Science Education, 36, 355–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-005-9009-y
  • Kayalı, Ö., & Bakırcı, Ç. M. (2022, December 24). What is cosmology? What does cosmology study? Evrim Ağacı. Retrieved April 01, 2024, from https://evrimagaci.org/s/12742
  • Klausmeier, H. J. (1992). Concept learning and concept teaching. Educational Psychologist, 27(3), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2703_1
  • Kurnaz, M. A., Bozdemir, H., Altunoğlu, B. D., & Ezberci Çevik, E. (2016). Examination of national articles on astronomy topics in science education. Journal of Erzincan University Faculty of Education, 18(2), 1398–1417. https://doi.org/10.17556/jef.02610
  • Laçin Şimşek, C. (2022). Concept, misconceptions, and their correction. In C. Laçin Şimşek (Ed.), Identifying and correcting misconceptions in science teaching (2nd ed., pp. 1). Pegem Academy: Ankara.
  • Lemmer, M., Lemmer, T. N., & Smit, J. J. A. (2003). South African students’ views of the universe. International Journal of Science Education, 25(5), 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690210145783
  • Lightman, A. P., Miller, J. D., & Leadbeater, B. J. (1987). Contemporary cosmological beliefs. In J. D. Novak (Ed.), Misconceptions and educational strategies in science and mathematics (Vol. III, pp. 309). Cornell University Press.
  • Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry: Establishing trustworthiness. Beverly Hills.
  • Liu, S. (2021). Using drawings to examine undergraduate students’ mental models of the greenhouse effect: A factor analysis approach. International Journal of Science Education, 43(18), 2996–3017. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2021.2004466
  • MoNE. (2018). Science course curriculum (Primary and secondary schools 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades). Retrieved April 01, 2024, from http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/Dosyalar/201812312311937-FEN%20B%C4%B0L%C4%B0MLER%C4%B0%20%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%20PROGRAMI2018.pdf
  • MoNE. (2024). Turkey Century Education Model science course curriculum. Retrieved May 1, 2025, from https://tymm.meb.gov.tr/upload/program/2024programfen345678Onayli.pdf
  • Prather, E. E., Slater, T. F., & Offerdahl, E. G. (2002). Hints of a fundamental misconception in cosmology. Astronomy Education Review, 1, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.3847/AER2002003
  • Sadıkoğlu, M., Mumcu, M. T., & Hastürk, G. (2022). Determining seventh-grade students’ metaphorical perceptions of concepts related to the learning domain of Earth and the universe. Anadolu Teacher Journal, 6(2), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.35346/aod.117424
  • Siegal, M., Butterworth, G., & Newcombe, P. A. (2004). Culture and children’s cosmology. Developmental Science, 7(3), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00350.x
  • Simonelli, G., & Pilachowski, C. A. (2003). First-year college students’ ideas about astronomy: A pilot study. Astronomy Education Review, 2, 166-171. https://doi.org/10.3847/aer2003024
  • Spiliotopoulou Papantoniou, V. (2007). Models of the universe: Children’s experiences and evidence from the history of science. Science & Education, 16, 801–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-006-9034-x
  • Uluay, G. (2020). Preservice science teachers’ opinions about the universe. Anadolu Teacher Journal, 4(2), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.35346/aod.799809
  • Wallace, C. S., Prather, E. E., & Duncan, D. K. (2012). A study of general education astronomy students’ understandings of cosmology. Part V: The effects of a new suite of cosmology lecture-tutorials on students’ conceptual knowledge. International Journal of Science Education, 34(9), 1297–1314. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2012.677960
  • Wilhelm, J., Cole, M., Driessen, E., Ringl, S., Hightower, A., Gonzalez-Napoleoni, J., & Jones, J. (2022). Grade level influence in middle school students' spatial-scientific understandings of lunar phases. School Science and Mathematics, 122(3), i–iv, 125–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12519

Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 117 - 137
https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.1618404

Abstract

Drawing technique is an effective technique used to reveal the thoughts and misconceptions of science concepts created by students. The aim of this study is to reveal the thoughts and misconceptions of secondary school 7th grade students about cosmology concepts in the subject area of ‘Earth and Universe’ in science course. The research was organised in case study design, which is one of the qualitative research methods. Fourteen (7 female, 7 male) 7th grade students in a state secondary school were selected as participants by criterion sampling method. The data were collected with the help of a drawing form designed by the researcher taking into account the cosmology topics and achievements in the subject area of ‘Earth and Universe’ in the 2018 curriculum of the 7th grade science course, and the data obtained were analysed by content analysis method. The most important finding of this study is that visual-aesthetic concern in student drawings is more important than scientific accuracy. In addition, it was determined that students explained cosmology concepts by associating them with different concepts, were influenced by daily life, textbooks and audio-visual educational materials while creating their drawings, and had misconceptions about basic astronomy concepts. It is thought that this study will contribute to the field by revealing the findings about the misconceptions of secondary school students as well as their thoughts and conceptions about cosmology concepts.

Ethical Statement

It is declared that during the preparation process of this study, scientific and ethical principles were followed and all the studies benefited from are stated in the bibliography. The necessary approval was obtained from the ethics committee for this study.

References

  • Aksan, Z., & Çelikler, D. (2019). Mental models regarding the concepts of “space,” “universe,” and “galaxy” among secondary school students. Elementary Education Online, 18(3), 1131–1140. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.610844
  • Aksan, Z., Yenikalaycı, N., & Çelikler, D. (2017). The middle-school students’ knowledge level related to the concepts of “planet” and “star.” Proceedings of the International Congress on Contemporary Educational Research, 166–172, Muğla.
  • Alın, G., & İzgi, Ü. (2017). Examining misconceptions of primary school students about the concept of stars. Journal of Social Sciences, 4(10), 202–214. https://doi.org/10.16990/SOBIDER.3367
  • Arslan, E. (2022). Validity and reliability in qualitative research. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, Special Issue 1(51), Ö395–Ö407. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1116878
  • Bailey, J. (2007). Development of a concept inventory to assess students’ understanding and reasoning difficulties about the properties and formation of stars. Astronomy Education Review, 2(6), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.3847/AER2007028
  • Babaoğlu, G., & Keleş, Ö. (2017). Determining 6th grade students’ perceptions of the concepts of ‘Earth’, ‘Moon’, and ‘Sun’. Theory and Practice in Education, 13(4), 601–636. https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.347791
  • Bela, M., Mendes, M. B. I., & Vairinhos, M. (2023). An augmented reality application to better understand 3D astronomy concepts in the 7th grade. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT58122.2023.00081
  • Bitzenbauer, P., Navarrete, S., Hennig, F., Ubben, M. S., & Veith, J. M. (2023). Cross-age study on secondary school students’ views of stars. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 19(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020165
  • Bolat, A., Aydoğdu, R. Ü., Uluçınar Sağır, Ş., & Değirmenci, S. (2014). Determining fifth-grade students’ misconceptions about the concepts of the Sun, Earth and Moon. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 3(1), 218–229.
  • Bostan Sarıoğlan, A., Küçüközer, H., & Küçüközer, H. A. (2016). Preservice elementary teachers' conceptual understanding about the concept of the universe. Bayburt Journal of Faculty of Education, 11(2), 645–654.
  • Bülbül, E., İyibil, Ü. G., & Şahin, Ç. (2013). Determining eighth-grade students' perceptions about astronomy concepts. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 2(3), 182–191. Retrieved from http://www.jret.org/FileUpload/ks281142/File/22.bulbul.pdf
  • Can, S., & Görecek-Baybars, M. (2018). Secondary school students’ mental models regarding space. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(2), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n4p122
  • Carless, D., & Lam, R. (2014). The examined life: Perspectives of lower primary school students in Hong Kong. Education 3-13, 42(3), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2012.689988
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2021). Research methods in education (E. Dinç & K. Kıroğlu, Eds.; Turkish translation). Pegem Academy.
  • Conlon, M., Coble, K., Bailey, J. M., & Cominsky, L. R. (2017). Investigating undergraduate students’ ideas about the fate of the universe. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 13(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.13.020128
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (Demir, S. B. & Bütün, M., Trans.). Siyasal Bookshop.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2021). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (S. B. Demir & M. Bütün, Trans.). Siyasal Bookshop. (Original work translated from the 3rd edition).
  • Çakıcı, Y. (2010). Constructivist approach in science education and students’ misconceptions. Trakya University Journal of Social Sciences, 12(1), 89–115.
  • Çakır, S. (2020). Mental perceptions of third- and fourth-grade primary school students regarding the concepts of Sun, Earth, Moon and stars. [Unpublished master's thesis, Mersin University]
  • Çalışkan, A. (2023). Middle school students’ perceptions of the concept of the universe. Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Education, 7(1), 1–15.
  • Çardak, O. (2009). Science students’ misconceptions of the water cycle according to their drawings. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(5), 865–873. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2009.865.873
  • Çoramık, M., & Özdemir, E. (2021). Determining primary school students’ perceptions of the concept of force through drawings. Journal of International Social Research, 18(42), 5516–5541. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.937992
  • Dikmenli, M. (2010). Misconceptions of cell division held by student teachers in biology: A drawing analysis. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(2), 235–247.
  • Direkci, D. (2014). A phenomenographic study on the conceptual images of fifth-grade students regarding the Sun, Earth and Moon. [Unpublished master's thesis, Gaziantep University].
  • Durukan, Ü. G., Güntepe, E. T., & Usta, N. D. (2023). Evaluation of the effectiveness of augmented reality-based teaching material: The Solar System. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 39(12), 2542–2556. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2121041
  • Düşkün, İ. (2011). Developing a Sun–Earth–Moon model and its effect on preservice science teachers’ academic success in astronomy education. [Unpublished master's thesis, İnönü University].
  • Goenner, H. F. M. (2010). What kind of science is cosmology? Annalen der Physik, 522(6), 389–418. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.201010450
  • Gödek, Y., Polat, D., & Kaya, V. H. (2019). Misconceptions in science teaching: Identification, correction, and practical examples. Pegem Academy: Ankara.
  • Görecek Baybars, M., & Çil, M. (2019). Middle school students’ mental models regarding the Solar System. Journal of Sciences of Muş Alparslan University, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.521940
  • Hansson, L., & Redfors, A. (2006). Swedish upper secondary students’ views of the origin and development of the universe. Research in Science Education, 36, 355–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-005-9009-y
  • Kayalı, Ö., & Bakırcı, Ç. M. (2022, December 24). What is cosmology? What does cosmology study? Evrim Ağacı. Retrieved April 01, 2024, from https://evrimagaci.org/s/12742
  • Klausmeier, H. J. (1992). Concept learning and concept teaching. Educational Psychologist, 27(3), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2703_1
  • Kurnaz, M. A., Bozdemir, H., Altunoğlu, B. D., & Ezberci Çevik, E. (2016). Examination of national articles on astronomy topics in science education. Journal of Erzincan University Faculty of Education, 18(2), 1398–1417. https://doi.org/10.17556/jef.02610
  • Laçin Şimşek, C. (2022). Concept, misconceptions, and their correction. In C. Laçin Şimşek (Ed.), Identifying and correcting misconceptions in science teaching (2nd ed., pp. 1). Pegem Academy: Ankara.
  • Lemmer, M., Lemmer, T. N., & Smit, J. J. A. (2003). South African students’ views of the universe. International Journal of Science Education, 25(5), 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690210145783
  • Lightman, A. P., Miller, J. D., & Leadbeater, B. J. (1987). Contemporary cosmological beliefs. In J. D. Novak (Ed.), Misconceptions and educational strategies in science and mathematics (Vol. III, pp. 309). Cornell University Press.
  • Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry: Establishing trustworthiness. Beverly Hills.
  • Liu, S. (2021). Using drawings to examine undergraduate students’ mental models of the greenhouse effect: A factor analysis approach. International Journal of Science Education, 43(18), 2996–3017. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2021.2004466
  • MoNE. (2018). Science course curriculum (Primary and secondary schools 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades). Retrieved April 01, 2024, from http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/Dosyalar/201812312311937-FEN%20B%C4%B0L%C4%B0MLER%C4%B0%20%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%20PROGRAMI2018.pdf
  • MoNE. (2024). Turkey Century Education Model science course curriculum. Retrieved May 1, 2025, from https://tymm.meb.gov.tr/upload/program/2024programfen345678Onayli.pdf
  • Prather, E. E., Slater, T. F., & Offerdahl, E. G. (2002). Hints of a fundamental misconception in cosmology. Astronomy Education Review, 1, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.3847/AER2002003
  • Sadıkoğlu, M., Mumcu, M. T., & Hastürk, G. (2022). Determining seventh-grade students’ metaphorical perceptions of concepts related to the learning domain of Earth and the universe. Anadolu Teacher Journal, 6(2), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.35346/aod.117424
  • Siegal, M., Butterworth, G., & Newcombe, P. A. (2004). Culture and children’s cosmology. Developmental Science, 7(3), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00350.x
  • Simonelli, G., & Pilachowski, C. A. (2003). First-year college students’ ideas about astronomy: A pilot study. Astronomy Education Review, 2, 166-171. https://doi.org/10.3847/aer2003024
  • Spiliotopoulou Papantoniou, V. (2007). Models of the universe: Children’s experiences and evidence from the history of science. Science & Education, 16, 801–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-006-9034-x
  • Uluay, G. (2020). Preservice science teachers’ opinions about the universe. Anadolu Teacher Journal, 4(2), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.35346/aod.799809
  • Wallace, C. S., Prather, E. E., & Duncan, D. K. (2012). A study of general education astronomy students’ understandings of cosmology. Part V: The effects of a new suite of cosmology lecture-tutorials on students’ conceptual knowledge. International Journal of Science Education, 34(9), 1297–1314. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2012.677960
  • Wilhelm, J., Cole, M., Driessen, E., Ringl, S., Hightower, A., Gonzalez-Napoleoni, J., & Jones, J. (2022). Grade level influence in middle school students' spatial-scientific understandings of lunar phases. School Science and Mathematics, 122(3), i–iv, 125–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12519
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Science Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nuray Çetin 0009-0001-3031-4305

Early Pub Date August 8, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date January 12, 2025
Acceptance Date May 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çetin, N. (2025). Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 15(2), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.1618404
AMA Çetin N. Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts. SUJE. August 2025;15(2):117-137. doi:10.19126/suje.1618404
Chicago Çetin, Nuray. “Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts”. Sakarya University Journal of Education 15, no. 2 (August 2025): 117-37. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.1618404.
EndNote Çetin N (August 1, 2025) Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts. Sakarya University Journal of Education 15 2 117–137.
IEEE N. Çetin, “Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts”, SUJE, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 117–137, 2025, doi: 10.19126/suje.1618404.
ISNAD Çetin, Nuray. “Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts”. Sakarya University Journal of Education 15/2 (August 2025), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.1618404.
JAMA Çetin N. Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts. SUJE. 2025;15:117–137.
MLA Çetin, Nuray. “Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts”. Sakarya University Journal of Education, vol. 15, no. 2, 2025, pp. 117-3, doi:10.19126/suje.1618404.
Vancouver Çetin N. Analyzing Student Drawings of Cosmology Concepts. SUJE. 2025;15(2):117-3.