THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN G8 COUNTRIES AND TURKEY: TODA-YAMAMOTO CAUSALITY TEST ANALYSIS

Abstract

Purpose – In this paper, the relationship between economic complexity and the ecological footprint in G8 countries and Turkey is analyzed. Methodology – Economic complexity index and ecological footprint are investigated by using Toda-Yamamoto causality test during 1995-2017. Findings – It is found a bi-directional causality in Canada and Japan, a unidirectional causality from economic complexity to ecological footprint in France and Italy, a unidirectional causality from ecological footprint to economic complexity in Germany, Russia, the UK, and the USA. There is no causal relationship in Turkey. Conclusions – Increasing complexity, growth and development by polluting the environment will prevent countries from achieving sustainable development. For this reason, these countries must use renewable energy and adopt clean technologies while producing complex products. These countries’ governments should adopt laws that would prohibit firms from a production process that is harmful to the environment and must give incentives to sectors and firms that care about environment and nature.

Keywords

• Economic Complexity
• Ecological Footprint
• Causality Analysis

G8 ÜLKELERİNDE VE TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK KARMAŞIKLIK VE EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİ İLİŞKİSİ: TODA-YAMAMOTO NEDENSELLİK TESTİ ANALİZİ

Abstract

Amaç – Çalışmada G8 ülkeleri ve Türkiye için ekonomik karmaşıklık ve ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki ilişki incelenmektedir. Yöntem – 1995-2017 dönemi ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksi ve ekolojik ayak izi verileri kullanılmış, Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testinden faydalanılmıştır. Bulgular – Kanada ve Japonya için çift yönlü nedensellik; Fransa ve İtalya için ekonomik karmaşıklıktan ekolojik ayak izine doğru nedensellik; Almanya, Rusya, İngiltere ve ABD için ekolojik ayak izinden ekonomik karmaşıklığa doğru nedensellik söz konusudur. Türkiye için nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanmamıştır. Sonuç – İki değişken arasında nedensellik ilişkilerinin bulunuyor olması, ülkelerin ekonomik karmaşıklıklarını, ekonomik gelişmişliklerini artırmaları ve çevreyi kirletmeleri konusunda bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Çevreyi kirleterek ekonomik gelişmişliğe erişmek ülkelerin refah ve kalkınmalarına zarar verecek ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya sahip olmaları mümkün olmayacaktır. Bu nedenle bu ülkelerin karmaşık ürünler üretirken yenilenebilir enerji kullanmaları ve temiz teknolojiler benimsemeleri gereklidir. Bu ülkelerin hükümetlerinin ise firmaların çevreye zarar verecek üretim süreci gerçekleştirmelerini engelleyecek kanunlar koymaları, çevreye ve doğaya gereken önemi veren firma ve sektörlere ise teşvikler vermesi gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• Ekonomik Karmaşıklık
• Ekolojik Ayak İzi
• Nedensellik Analizi

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