BibTex RIS Cite

Turkey's Foreign Trade and Environmental Pollution: An Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach

Year 2007, Volume: 13 Issue: 1 ve 2, 61 - 69, 01.12.2007

Abstract

This study examines the interaction between the foreign trade and environment employingthe Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and utilizing time series data. The data related tothe CO emission per capita, GDP per capita, export, and import values were used in thestudy. The results show that CO emission per capita increases by 2.69 kg as GDP per capitaincrease 1 unit (1$). However, as GDPper capita increases further, the emission level starts todecrease. These findings confirm the EKC for Turkey. On the other hand, trade opennessindex increases the emission level per capita by 16.52 kg, while agricultural openness indexhas a negative impact on the level of emission although not significant. The findings alsoconfirm the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. It is necessary to take measures to safeguardcommon sources used by farmers. In terms of foreign trade, the measures that will lead tospecialization in less polluting sectors on export side, and designing and monitoring thesanitary and environmentally friendly standards on import side should be designed andmonitored. Future studies in this area may include other factors that impact EKC, such asclimate, protection levels, and standards

References

  • Cole, M. A. 2003. “Development, Trade and Environment. How Robust is the E n v i r o n m e n t a l K u z n e t s C u r v e ? ” Environment and Development Economics 8, 557-580.
  • Cole, M. A. 2004. “Trade, the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining the Linkages”.
  • Economics. 48 (1), 71-81.
  • Desus, S., Bussulo, M. 1998. “Is There a Trade- off between Trade Liberalization and Pollution Abatement? A Computable General Equilibrium Assessment Applied to Costa Rica”, (1): 11- 31.
  • : 20 Journal of Policy Modeling
  • Grossman, G. M. and Krueger, A. B. 1991. Environmental Impact of a North American Free Trade Agreement. Working Paper 3914. NBER, Cambridge.
  • Krissoff, B., Ballenger, N., Dunmore, J. and Gray, D. 1996. Exploring Linkages among Agriculture, Trade, and the Environment: Issues for the Next Century Agricultural Economics Report No. ERS, Washington, D.C.,AER 738 .
  • Kumbaroglu, G. S. 2003.
  • “Environmental Taxation and Environmental Effects: A CGE Analysis for Turkey”. Modeling Kuznets, S. 1955.
  • “Economic Growth and Income inequality”,
  • Review , 45(1), 1-28.
  • Lankoski, J. 1997. Environmental Effects of Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Domestic Agricultural Policy Reforms, U N C T A D D i s c u s s i o n P a p e r s , UNCTAD/OSG/DP/126, Geneva.
  • Lee, H. and Roland-Holst, D. 1997.
  • “The Environment and Welfare Implications of Trade and Tax Policy.”
  • Development Economics, 52, 65-82.
  • Paudel, K. P., Zapata, H. and Susanto, D. 2005. “An Empirical Test of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Water Pollution”. Environmental& Resource Economics, 9:507-537.
  • Saunders, C., Wreford, A., and Cagatay, S. 2006. “Trade Liberalization and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Case of Dairying in the European Union and New Zealand.”The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 50, 538-555.
  • Shafik, N. and Bandyopadhyay, S. 1992. “Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross Section Evidence”. World Bank Working Paper, WPS904, Washington D.C.
  • Suri, V. and Chapman, D. 1998. “Economic Growth, Trade and Energy: Implications for the Environmental Kuznets Curve.” Ecological Economics, 25(2), 195-208.
  • Torras, M. and Boyce, J. K. 1998. “Income Inequality and Pollution: A Reassessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”. Ecological Economics, 25 (2):147-160. UN Comtrade (2006.
  • UN Commodity Trade S t a t i s t i c s
  • Http://unstats.un.org/unsd/comtrade/
  • D a t a b a s e . World Bank, World Development Indicators, CD, 2005.
  • Yandle, B., Vijayaraghavan, M., and Bhattarai, M. 2007.
  • Curve: A Primer. PERC Research Study, 02- 01. Property and Environment Research Center
  • Http://www.perc.org/perc.php?id=688
  • Yang, H-Y. 2001. “Trade Liberalization and Pollution:AGeneral EquilibriumAnalysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Taiwan”. Economic Modeling,18 , 435-454.
  • Journal of Policy American Economic Journal of : 13.08.2007 : 24.01.2008

TÜRKİYE'NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI

Year 2007, Volume: 13 Issue: 1 ve 2, 61 - 69, 01.12.2007

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin dış ticaretiyle çevre arasındaki etkileşim Çevresel Kuznets eğrisiyardımıyla zaman serisi verileri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada Türkiye'de kişibaşına düşen CO emisyonu ile kişi başına düşen milli gelir, ihracat ve ithalat verilerikullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar milli gelirin 1 birim (1$) artmasının kişi başına düşen CO2emisyonunu 2.69 kg. artırdığını göstermektedir. Ancak milli gelir daha da arttıkça buemisyon düzeyi azalmaktadır. Bu durum Türkiye'nin milli geliri ile emisyon hacmiarasındaki ilişkinin Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi ile uyumlu olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğeryandan ticaret açıklık indeksinin1 birim artması ise kişi başına azaltmasına rağmen istatistikiaçıdan önemsizdir. Bu durum Türkiye'nin üretim ve ihracat artışının kirliliği artırdığınıortaya koymakta ve Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezini doğrulamaktadır. Türkiye'de ulusal tarımpolitikaları içerisinde çiftçilerin ortak kullanılan kaynakların zarar görmesini önleyecekönlemlerin alınması, dış ticarette ise ihraç edilen ürünlerde çevreyi kirletmeyen ürünlerdeyoğunlaşmanın sağlanması, ithal edilen tarımsal ürünlerde sağlık ve çevreye uyumözellikleriyle ilgili standartların geliştirilip denetlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu konuda ilerideyapılacak çalışmalar Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi'ne etki eden diğer faktörleri (iklim, korumaoranları, standartlar vb.) içerecek şekilde geliştirilebilir

References

  • Cole, M. A. 2003. “Development, Trade and Environment. How Robust is the E n v i r o n m e n t a l K u z n e t s C u r v e ? ” Environment and Development Economics 8, 557-580.
  • Cole, M. A. 2004. “Trade, the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining the Linkages”.
  • Economics. 48 (1), 71-81.
  • Desus, S., Bussulo, M. 1998. “Is There a Trade- off between Trade Liberalization and Pollution Abatement? A Computable General Equilibrium Assessment Applied to Costa Rica”, (1): 11- 31.
  • : 20 Journal of Policy Modeling
  • Grossman, G. M. and Krueger, A. B. 1991. Environmental Impact of a North American Free Trade Agreement. Working Paper 3914. NBER, Cambridge.
  • Krissoff, B., Ballenger, N., Dunmore, J. and Gray, D. 1996. Exploring Linkages among Agriculture, Trade, and the Environment: Issues for the Next Century Agricultural Economics Report No. ERS, Washington, D.C.,AER 738 .
  • Kumbaroglu, G. S. 2003.
  • “Environmental Taxation and Environmental Effects: A CGE Analysis for Turkey”. Modeling Kuznets, S. 1955.
  • “Economic Growth and Income inequality”,
  • Review , 45(1), 1-28.
  • Lankoski, J. 1997. Environmental Effects of Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Domestic Agricultural Policy Reforms, U N C T A D D i s c u s s i o n P a p e r s , UNCTAD/OSG/DP/126, Geneva.
  • Lee, H. and Roland-Holst, D. 1997.
  • “The Environment and Welfare Implications of Trade and Tax Policy.”
  • Development Economics, 52, 65-82.
  • Paudel, K. P., Zapata, H. and Susanto, D. 2005. “An Empirical Test of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Water Pollution”. Environmental& Resource Economics, 9:507-537.
  • Saunders, C., Wreford, A., and Cagatay, S. 2006. “Trade Liberalization and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Case of Dairying in the European Union and New Zealand.”The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 50, 538-555.
  • Shafik, N. and Bandyopadhyay, S. 1992. “Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross Section Evidence”. World Bank Working Paper, WPS904, Washington D.C.
  • Suri, V. and Chapman, D. 1998. “Economic Growth, Trade and Energy: Implications for the Environmental Kuznets Curve.” Ecological Economics, 25(2), 195-208.
  • Torras, M. and Boyce, J. K. 1998. “Income Inequality and Pollution: A Reassessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”. Ecological Economics, 25 (2):147-160. UN Comtrade (2006.
  • UN Commodity Trade S t a t i s t i c s
  • Http://unstats.un.org/unsd/comtrade/
  • D a t a b a s e . World Bank, World Development Indicators, CD, 2005.
  • Yandle, B., Vijayaraghavan, M., and Bhattarai, M. 2007.
  • Curve: A Primer. PERC Research Study, 02- 01. Property and Environment Research Center
  • Http://www.perc.org/perc.php?id=688
  • Yang, H-Y. 2001. “Trade Liberalization and Pollution:AGeneral EquilibriumAnalysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Taiwan”. Economic Modeling,18 , 435-454.
  • Journal of Policy American Economic Journal of : 13.08.2007 : 24.01.2008
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA35SF45TT
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cemal Atıcı

Fırat Kurt This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2007
Submission Date December 1, 2007
Published in Issue Year 2007 Volume: 13 Issue: 1 ve 2

Cite

APA Atıcı, C., & Kurt, F. (2007). TÜRKİYE’NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 13(1 ve 2), 61-69.
AMA Atıcı C, Kurt F. TÜRKİYE’NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI. TJAE. December 2007;13(1 ve 2):61-69.
Chicago Atıcı, Cemal, and Fırat Kurt. “TÜRKİYE’NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI”. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 13, no. 1 ve 2 (December 2007): 61-69.
EndNote Atıcı C, Kurt F (December 1, 2007) TÜRKİYE’NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 13 1 ve 2 61–69.
IEEE C. Atıcı and F. Kurt, “TÜRKİYE’NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI”, TJAE, vol. 13, no. 1 ve 2, pp. 61–69, 2007.
ISNAD Atıcı, Cemal - Kurt, Fırat. “TÜRKİYE’NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI”. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 13/1 ve 2 (December 2007), 61-69.
JAMA Atıcı C, Kurt F. TÜRKİYE’NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI. TJAE. 2007;13:61–69.
MLA Atıcı, Cemal and Fırat Kurt. “TÜRKİYE’NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI”. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 1 ve 2, 2007, pp. 61-69.
Vancouver Atıcı C, Kurt F. TÜRKİYE’NİN DIŞ TİCARETİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ: ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ YAKLAŞIMI. TJAE. 2007;13(1 ve 2):61-9.