Tarımda Risk Yönetimi: Bazı Ülkelerden Örnekler

Abstract

Risk tüm tarımsal faaliyetlerde vardır. Bu konudaki kaynaklar tarım işletmecilerine yönetimin araçlarını sunmakta ve açıklamaktadır. Maalesef işletmeciler kavram farklılıkları bulunması nedeniyle, tarımsal risk kavramının teorisi ve araştırmaların çokluğu arasında sıkça kaybolurlar. “Tarımda risk yönetimi: Bazı ülkelerden örnekler” başlıklı bu çalışma risk yönetiminin kaynakçasını tek bir çatı altında özetlemektedir. Bu amaçla, riskin temel anlamını vurgulayan, risk yönetimi araçlarını ve dünyada bu risk yönetimi araçlarının nasıl uygulandığının örnekleri bir literatür çalışmasıyla açıklanmıştır. Risk, genellikle tesadüfi bir olayın zararlı sonucu şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Yalnızca, kontrol edilebilir riskler ya kamu otoriteleri, ya özel ya da her ikisi tarafından yönetilirler. Bununla birlikte, devlet müdahaleleri gelişmekte olan ülkelerde gelişmiş ülkelerden daha düşüktür. Buna ek olarak, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde çiftçilerin bankacılık faaliyetlerinin düşük düzeyde olması, çiftçileri tarımsal risk yönetimi ve krediye ulaşmanın bir yolu olarak garanti sistemini kullanmaya yönlendirmektedir.

Keywords

• Risk yönetimi,tarım,garanti,belirsizlik

Risk Management in Agriculture: Examples from Some Countries

Abstract

Risk is intrinsic to all agricultural activities. The literature abounds on this in order to elucidate it and to give tools of management to the agricultural managers. Unfortunately managers often are lost in this abundance of research and theorization of the concept agricultural risk because the concept is found in catalog disparate. It is in order to summarize the bibliography of risk management in a single catalog that this study entitled "Risk management in agriculture: Examples from some countries" carried out. In order to do so, a literature review was carried out to highlight the common meaning of risk, risk management tools and examples of how these tools are applied throughout the world. It emerges that risk is commonly defined as the harmful consequence of a random event.Only the relevant risks are managed either by the public authorities or by the private or both. However,government intervention is low in developing countries than in developed countries. In addition, the low level offarmers' banking in developing countries leads them to use warrantage as a means of accessing credit and agricultural risk management.

Keywords

• Risk management,agriculture,warrantage,uncertainty

References

1. AFD and MAEE, 2009. Quels instruments mobiliser face à l'instabilité des prix alimentaires. Ecart, Paris.
2. Afrique Verte, 2012. Incidences des variations du prix du mil local sur le warrantage du mil au Niger sur la période 2001-2010.
3. Akcaoz, H., Ozkan, B., 2005. Determining Risk Sources and Strategies among Farmers of Contrasting Risk Awareness: A Case Study for Cukurova Region of Turkey. Journal of Arid Environments, 62 (4): 661-675.
4. Antón, J., Kimura, S., 2011. Risk Management in Agriculture in Spain, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Working Papers, No. 43, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kgj0d57w0wd-en.
5. Antón, J., Kimura, S., Martini, R., 2011. Risk Management in Agriculture in Canada, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Working Papers, No. 40, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kgj0d6189wg-en
6. Bertheuil, A., 2008. Les mécanismes de protection des revenus en agriculture : l'assurance revenu et les dispositifs d'épargne. Thèse en droit, Université de Poitiers, France
7. Bodie, Z., Merton, R.C., 1998. Finance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
8. Burgaz, F., 2000. Insurance Systems and Risk Management in Spain, Income Risk Management in Agriculture, OECD.

9. Cervantes-Godoy, D., Kimura, S., Antón, J. 2009. Risk management in agriculture – A holistic conceptual framework. Working Party on Agricultural Policies and Markets. March 2009. Paris.
10. Cervantes-Godoy, D., Kimura, S., Antón, J. 2013. Smallholder Risk Management in Developing Countries. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 61, OECD Publishing, Paris.
11. Chetaille, A., Duffau, A., Horréard, G., Lagandré, D., Oggeri, B., Rozenkopf, I. 2011. Gestion des risques agricoles par les petits producteurs Focus sur l'assurance récolte indicielle et le warrantage. AFD and GRET Document de travail n° 113, Mai 2011, France.
12. Cordier, J., Debar, J.C., 2005. Gestion des risques agricoles : la voie nord-américaine. Quels enseignements pour l'Union européenne? Cahier 12 du Club Demeter.
13. Cordier, J., 2006, Proposition d'organisation des outils de gestion du risque de marché au bénéfice des filières cotonnières africaines. Agence Française de Développement, Paris.
14. Cordier J., Erhel, A., Pindard, A., Courleux, F., 2008. La gestion des risques en agriculture. De la théorie à la mise en oeuvre : éléments de réflexion pour l'action publique. Notes et études économiques n°30, Mars 2008, Paris.
15. CRMG, 2007. Designing Weather Insurance. Contracts For Farmers, IRI, and Palisades.
16. Déla SF & Hassane S, (2012). Le warrantage de la COPSA-C dans le Sud-Ouest du Burkina Faso. Fiche d'expérience Burkina Faso. Novembre 2012. FAO.
17. DGA/AQ 924, 1995. Manuel du management des risques dans un programme d'armement.
18. European Commission, 2001, Risk management tools for EU agriculture with a spécial focus on insurance, www.europa.euint/comm/agriculture/publi/insurance/ text_en.pdf.
19. Fabiosa, J., 2008. Mid-term Outlook for World Agricultural Markets. Intervention dans le cadre de la conférence «Prix agricoles: perspectives à moyen terme et implications pour les producteurs et les politiques publiques», organisée par FARM, le CSAAD et l'IGPDE, décembre 2008, France.
20. FIDA, 2010. L'assurance basée sur un indice climatique: potentiel d'expansion et de durabilité pour l'agriculture et les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural. Imprimé par U. Quintily, Rome Juillet, 2010.
21. Garrido, E.S., Sánchez, I.S., 2015. Warrantage paysan au Burkina Faso: Accès au crédit par le biais des stocks de proximité. Rapports de recherche Oxfam, Burkina Faso.
22. Goodwin, B. K., 2000. Instability and Risk in US Agriculture. Journal of Agribusiness (18)1: 71-89.
23. Gouillat, E., 2014. Le warrantage, un système au service du financement des producteurs agricoles. Le Portail Microfinance, Janvier 2014.
24. Hardaker, JB, Huirne, RBM, Anderson, JR, Lien, G., 2004. Coping with Risk in Agriculture. 2nd Ed. Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing.
25. Harmignie, O., Polormé, P., Henry De Frahan, B., Gaspart, F., 2004. Gestion des risques - Perspectives pour l'agriculture wallonne. Louvain-la-Neuve, Décembre 2004.
26. Harwood, J., Heifner, R., Coble, K., Perry, T., Somwaru, A., 1999. Managing Risk in Farming: Concepts, Research and Analysis. Agricultural Economic Report No. 774. Market and Trade Economic Division and Resource Economics Division, Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture.
27. Kaan, D., 2001. Defin ng R5sk and a Framework for MovRng Towards ResHlVence n AgrJculture, R5sk and ResHlVence n AgrJculture http://www.uwagec.org/rnrinag/default.htm
28. Keren, M., 2015. AB, ABD ve Türk ye'de tarım sVgortacılığı uygulamalarının karşılaştırılması. Tez , AB Uzman Yardımcısı Eylül 2015, S. 95.
29. Keynes, J.M., 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Cambridge, published by Harcourt, Brace and Company, and printed in the U.S.A. by the Polygraphic Company of America, New York.
30. Knight, F.H., 1921. Risk, uncertainty, and profit. Hart, Scha ner & Marx.
31. Lancon, F., Meuriot, V., David-Benz, H., Temple, L., Diallo, A.S., 2009. L'imparfaite transmission des prix mondiaux aux marchés agricoles d'Afrique subsaharienne. in Conférence de la Fondation pour l'agriculture et la ruralité dans le monde (FARM), Prix et risques de marché : les agriculteurs face à la volatilité des cours, 23-24 novembre 2009, Paris.
32. Moreddu, C., 2000. Overview of Farm Household Strategies and Government Intervention, Income Risk Management in Agriculture, OECD.
33. Ndimubandi, J., 2010. Evaluation du projet de facilitation sur le warrantage. Rapport de mission. CAPAD Bujumbura, Février 2010 ; Bujumbura, Burundi.
34. OECD, 2010. Analyse des risques au niveau des exploitations et stratégies et politiques de gestion des risques : analyse comparative entre pays, par S. Kimura, J. Antón et C. Le Thi, Documents de travail de l'OCDE sur l'alimentation, l'agriculture et les pêcheries, n° 26, OCDE, Paris.
35. OECD, 2011a. Risk Management in Agriculture - Policy Assessment and Design, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264174795. OECD, 2011b. Managing Risk in Agriculture:Policy Assessment and Design. OECD Publishing, French version, published Jun
36. OECD, 2016. Gestion des risques dans l'agriculture : une approche holistique. Réunion OCDE des ministres de l'agriculture, document de référence, Avril 2016.
37. RMA, 2014. Supplemental Coverage Option for Federal Crop Insurance. USDA-RMA: http://www.rma.usda.gov/news/ currentissues/farmbill/2014NationalSupplementalCoverageOption.pdf.
38. Roguet, S.C., Rieu, M., 2006. Gestion des risques de prix et de revenu en production porcine : situation actuelle et perspectives. 06ES05, 38e journées de la recherche porcine, INFRA-IFIP, Rennes France.
39. Simphal, F., 2012. Le warrantage dans le Sud-Ouest du Burkina Faso. Une pratique adaptée aux besoins des petits producteurs et productrices. Fiche d'expérience Burkina Faso. Décembre 2012. FAO.
40. Stæhr, K., 2006. Risk and uncertainty in cost benefit analysis. Environmental Assessment Institute, Version: 1.0, April 2006.
41. TARSIM, 2015 . Bitkisel Üretim Sigortası . TARSİM: http://www. tarsim . gov. tr /trsmWeb/subpage? _ key _ =6D7415BE31795E0576A7CE18FEDB4F2E6776033TZW2H832CS2K57446YX17062015.
42. Wampfler, B., 2003. Sécuriser le crédit aux organisations paysannes par le warrantage.
43. World Bank, 2009. Index based Crop Insurance in Senegal Promoting Access to Agricultural Insurance for Small Farmers. Washington D.C.
44. Yameogo, S.F., 2013. Impact de la gestion des stocks publics des produits vivriers sur le warrantage au Burkina Faso. Centre Régional Agrhymet. Mémoire Mastère en Sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle.