Farklı Toprak İşleme Sistemlerinin Sürdürülebilir Organik Madde Yönetimine Etkileri

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 1 - 11, 27.04.2020

Haydar Polat

Abstract

Bitkilerin en fazla
ihtiyaç duyduğu ancak toprakların mineral kısmında yok denecek kadar az bulunan
azotun kaynağı olmasının yanı sıra, toprağın birçok fiziksel, kimyasal ve
biyolojik karakteristiklerinin oluşmasında önemli rol oynayan organik madde,
toprak kalitesinin ve tarımsal sürdürülebilirliğin en önemli göstergesi olarak
kabul edilmektedir. Toprakların organik madde miktarını; uygulanan münavebe
sistemi, toprağın işlenme süresi, toprak işleme teknikleri, toprak üstü bitki
örtüsünün durumu veya tahrip derecesi, bitki atıklarının yakılması veya
gömülmesi, kullanılan tarım tekniği, gübreleme şekli gibi kontrol edilebilir
faktörler yanında, sıcaklık ve yağış rejimi gibi iklim faktörleri de
etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, toprak işleme yönetiminin toprak organik
maddesini nasıl etkilediği özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Toprak işleme
uygulamaları, organik maddenin ayrışması, karbon ve azotun dağılımı ile N
mineralizasyonu üzerinde büyük bir etkiye sahiptir. Dolayısıyla toprak işleme
genel olarak toprakların organik madde içeriğinin azalması ve toprakların
bozulmasına neden olabilmektedir. Koruyucu toprak işleme sistemlerinin
benimsenmesi, amacına uygun bir şekilde uygulanması ile toprak organik maddesi
miktarı ve kalitesi arttırılabilir böylece toprağın kimyasal ve fiziksel
özellikleri geliştirilerek muhafaza edilebilir. Azaltılmış toprak işleme
yönetimiyle birlikte uygun kimyasal ve organik gübre ilaveleri ile toprak
organik maddesi sürdürülebilir şekilde korunabilir.

Keywords

Toprak organik maddesi, geleneksel toprak işleme, koruyucu toprak işleme

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