Abstract
Gazel is an improvisation without “usûl” in Turkish music, which “sâzende” and “hânende” perform in harmony by adhering to the main rules of the mode. Gazels, one of the indispensable forms of musical circles especially in the first half of the 20th century, were forgotten in the last quarter of the century. The most striking feature of the Gazel form, which is mostly accompanied, is that the guttural movements in the high-pitched regions are made with words and the authentic musical understanding of the Gâzelhan (gazel performer) comes into being with melodies. Another important feature of Gazel is the form structure, which belongs to the mode of movement and form feature co-constructed by Gazelhân and the musician accompanying and guiding the performer. Among the important Gazelhâns in history are Hâfiz Sami, Hafiz Kemal, Hâfiz Burhan, Hâfiz Yaşar and many other names. This study focuses on how the aforementioned Gazelhâns structured the Gazel form in their accompanied performance. The mode structure, sentences, and section divisions, which the accompanying Sâzende and Gazelhân set up together, were analyzed based on the sample Gazels of the performers mentioned above. As a sample, in this study, the form analysis of Hüzzam Gazel performed by Hâfız Kemal’s and accompanied by Yorgo Bacanos was done in detail. The target population of this study is the Gazel form, one of the oral forms of Turkish music. The study has two samples. The first sample is three Gazel samples by the Gazelhans, who are considered as master performers in the field. These samples were chosen randomly in order to determine the general characteristics of the Gazel form. The second sample is Hüzzam Gazel, performed by Hâfız Kemâl, accompanied by Yorgo Bacanos, which was chosen to explain how a ghazal sample selected from the ghazal form should be analyzed in terms of its form features. "What are the form features of the accompanied Gazel form?” and "What are the form features of Hüzzam Gazel, performed by Hâfız Kemal and accompanied by Yorgo Bacanos?" constituted the research questions of the study. Hüzzam Gazel was notated by the researchers, and a table of section and sentence structures, sentence distributions, word structures, and structural features was prepared and explained within the sub-questions of the study. The samples of accompanied Gazels by different Gazelhâns were tabulated, and different form features were identified. It was emphasized that "lâfız" (words) should not be confused with "terennüm" (singing). This study is important in terms of reviving and analyzing the Gazel form. In this qualitative research, descriptive survey method was used and review of literature was conducted. The data obtained through the literature review were analyzed by using "Gülçin Yahya Form Analysis" method, which is the basis of the study. It was concluded that Gazel form features changed depending on the setting, purpose, and content of the performance in which each Gazel was used; in addition to the general characteristics of the form, there were sentence and section structures depending on the Gazelhân, and words were performed as one of these special uses. It was suggested that the created tables could be used in the identification and analysis of accompanied Gazels.