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14. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Müfessirleri ve Eserleri

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 133 - 148, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1449466

Abstract

Osmanlı devleti kendisinden önce gelen diğer Müslüman devletler gibi İslâm’a ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’e hizmet etmeye çalışmış ve ilahi kitaptan kastedilen manayı ortaya çıkarmayı amaç edinen tefsir ilmine katkı sağlamaya gayret etmiştir. Bu bağlamda başlangıcından itibaren diğer kurumlarla beraber eğitim ve öğretime büyük önem verilmiş, daha ilk dönemlerden itibaren medreselerin kurulması amaçlanmıştır. Osmanlılarda ilk medrese Orhan Gazi (725-764/1324-1362) tarafından İznik’te 731/1330 tarihinde kurulmuş, daha sonraları devletin sınırlarının gelişmesine paralel olarak Bursa, Edirne vb. merkezlerde yeni medreseler açılmıştır. Tefsir ilmi de medreselerde okutulan derslerin başında gelmesi sebebiyle, bu dersi okutmakla vazifelendirilen alimlerin tefsir ilmi hususunda donanımlı ve maharetli olmasına itina gösterilmiştir. Dolayısıyla Osmanlı uleması, Allah kelâmını izah sadedinde Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Arapça veya Türkçe (Osmanlıca) olmak üzere tamamını veya bazı sûre ve ayetlerini tefsir etmiş, şerh veya hâşiyeler kaleme almışlardır. Beylik sisteminden hemen çıkılamaması, devletin varlık mücadelesi ve medrese sisteminin henüz teşekkül etmemesi gibi sebeplerden, Osmanlı’nın özellikle kuruluşunun ilk yıllarındaki ilim tedrisi, sonraki yüzyıllara nispeten daha iptidai ve asgari ölçüde olmuştur. Bununla beraber Osmanlı ilim geleneğinde ilk telif eserlerin 14. Yüzyılın sonu ile 15. Yüzyılın başlarında kaleme alındığı müşahede edilmektedir. Binaenaleyh kendisinden sonrakilere rehberlik edecek ulemanın kahir ekseriyeti bu dönemde yetişmiş ve onlar da birçok eser vücuda getirmişlerdir. Araştırmanın amacı, 14. yüzyılda Osmanlı coğrafyası içinde yaşayan veya dolaylı yoldan da olsa Osmanlı ulemasından kabul edilen müfessirlerin dönemsel olarak belirlenmesi ve telif ettikleri eserlerinin tespitinin sağlanmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda ilgili dönemde yaşayan ve tefsir ilmine katkı sunmuş olan ilim adamlarının hayatları ve kaleme olmuş aldıkları eserler zikredilip ulaşıldığı kadarıyla tefsirleri hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Çalışma hazırlanırken “İsam Türkiye Kütüphaneleri Veri Tabanı” ve “Yazmalar.gov.tr”nin kataloglarında, belirtilen dönem ve tefsir alanı dikkate alınarak detaylı bir şekilde inceleme yapılmış, ulaşılan eserler müellifleriyle beraber tasnif edilerek incelenmiş ve elde edilen bilgiler tablo olarak çalışmanın sonuna eklenmiştir. Netice olarak Türklerin Müslüman olmasından sonra özellikle ilk yüz yıllarda Osmanlıca (Türkçe) müstakil bir eser kaleme alınmamıştır. İlk dönem âlimlerinden Hattâb b. Ebî Kâsım el-Karahisarî (ö. 717/1317), ilk Osmanlı kadısı olan Şeyh Edebâlî el-Karamânî (ö. 726/1325), Dursun Fakih (ö. 726/1325), Kâdî Mahmûd el-Bursevî gibi âlimler tefsir alanında bilgi sahibi olmalarına rağmen eser vermemiş kendilerinden önceki telifleri okutmakla iktifa etmişlerdir. Bu dönemde Şeyh Şihâbu’d-dîn es-Sivâsî (ö. 1006/1597), ‘Uyûnü’t-tefâsîr lil’l-fuzalâi’s-semâsîr isimli bir tefsir kaleme almış fakat Osmanlı tefsir hareketine önemli ölçüde yenilik kazandıramamış, yine de müstakil bir tefsir kaleme alması sebebiyle Osmanlı’da tefsir hareketinin öncüsü olarak kabul edilmiştir. 14. Yüzyıla gelindiğinde ise yanlızca Muslihiddîn Mustafa b. Muhammed’in sure tefsiri özelliğini taşıyan Amme Cüzü, Fâtiha, İhlâs, Mülk ve Yâsin surelerini Türkçe olarak tefsir ettiği gözlenmektedir. Bununla beraber 14. yüzyılda ulaşabildiğimiz kadarıyla toplamda yirmi yedi tefsir hâşiyesi bulunmaktadır. Osmanlı'da ilk hâşiyeyi yazan kişi Cemalüddîn el-Aksarâyî olup, o Zemahşerî, Kâdî ve Râzî'nin tefsirlerinde kullandıkları akıl metodunun Osmanlı medreselerine yerleşmesinde büyük rol oynamıştır. Ayrıca Keşşâf üzerinde yaptığı çalışma ile Zemahşerî’nin bu eserinin Osmanlı medreselerinde okutulup yaygınlaştırılmasına öncülük ettiği söylenmiştir. Aksarâyî'den sonra Ekmelüddîn el-Bâbertî gibi bazı âlimlerin de yine hâşiyeler yazarak bu alana katkı sağladığı bilinmektedir.

References

  • Abay, M. (2012). The Services of Turks to Qur'anic Exegesis from the Beginning to Present. Istanbul: Ensar Publishing.
  • Aytekin, A. (1991). Bâbertî. Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Bağdâdî, I. b. M. E. M. S. (1951). Hediyyetü’l-ârifîn esmâʾü’l-müellifîn ve âsârü’l-musannifîn. Istanbul.
  • Baltacı, C. (2005). Ottoman Madrasas in the 15th and 16th Centuries. Istanbul.
  • Bayrakdar, M. (2012). Davud al-Kayseri and the Philosophy of Wahdat al-Wujud. Istanbul: Ifav Publishing.
  • Bilge, M. (1984). The First Ottoman Madrasas. Istanbul.
  • Bilmen, Ö. N. (1955). History of Exegesis. Ankara: Directorate of Religious Affairs Publishing.
  • Brockelmann, C. (1995). History of Arabic Literature. Egypt.
  • Bursalı, M. T. E. (n.d.). Ottoman Authors. Istanbul: Meral Publishing.
  • Cevad, A. (1314). Historical and Geographical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul: Kasbar Printing House.
  • Cunbur, M. (1962). "Printed Translations and Commentaries of the Qur'an in Turkish Language". Diyanet Journal, Ankara.
  • Dartma, B. (2001). "Shihabuddin es-Sivasi 860-1455 and His Exegesis". Journal of Religious Studies.
  • Dartma, B. (2005). "Shihabuddin es-Sivasi: His Life and Scholarly Personality". Journal of the Faculty of Theology at Cumhuriyet University, Sivas.
  • Dartma, B. (2012). The Services of Turks to Qur'anic Exegesis from the Beginning to Present: Independent Dirayah Exegeses in the Ottoman Period. Istanbul.
  • Demir, Z. (2007). Ottoman Exegetes and Exegesis Studies. Istanbul: Ensar Publishing.
  • Doğan, İ. (2011). Ottoman Exegetes. Istanbul: Iz Publishing.
  • Fazlıoğlu, İ. (2011). Formation of Scholarly Life in the Ottoman Geography and Davud al-Kayseri. Ibn Arabi Tradition and Davud al-Kayseri (ed. Turan Koç). Istanbul: Insan Publishing.
  • Göde, K. (1995). Eretnaogullari. Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Günay, İ. (2016). Turkish Exegesis and Translation of the Qur'an from the Beginning to Present. Istanbul: Ensar Publishing.
  • Ibn Battuta, E. A. Ş. B. M. L. T. (1997). The Travels of Ibn Battuta (Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling). (ed. Abdülhadi Tazi). Rabat: Moroccan Academy.
  • Ibn Muhammed, M. (2005). Exegesis of Surah Al-Mulk. (ed. Mustafa Özel). Izmir: Birleşik Printing House.
  • Ibn al-Imad, E. F. A. b. A. M. (n.d.). Golden Fragments of Biographies. Beirut.
  • Isfahani, H. M. S. b. H. C. (1280). The Crown of Histories. Istanbul.
  • Kaçalin, M. S. (2012). "Vankulu". Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Katip Celebi, M. b. A. K. (1941). The Unveiling of Names of Books and Sciences. Baghdad: Mektebetü’l-Müsennâ.
  • Kaya, M. (2012). "Exegesis Activities After the Tanzimat". The Services of Turks to Qur'anic Exegesis from the Beginning to Present. Istanbul: Ensar Publishing.
  • Kehhale, O. b. R. M. R. A. D. (1993). Dictionary of Authors. Beirut: Müessetü’r-Risâle.
  • Kılıç, M. (1981). Ibn Kemal: His Life, Exegetical Works, and Method in Exegesis. Erzurum: Ataturk University Institute of Social Sciences (Unpublished PhD Thesis).
  • Leknevi, E. M. A. b. M. A. M. E. (1324). The Benefits of Biography of the Hanafi Scholars. Egypt.
  • Mecdi, M. E. (1989). The Gardens of the Martyrs. Istanbul.
  • Nüveyhid, A. (1988). Dictionary of Exegetes from the Beginning of Islam to the Present Era. Beirut.
  • Okulu, K. (2018). An Examination of Mustafa Muslihiddin's Exegesis of Surah Ikhlas by Ottoman Exegetes. Istanbul: Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences (Unpublished Master's Thesis).
  • Öz, M. (1993). "Cemaleddin Aksarayi". Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Özkan, Ö. (2012). Qur'an Translations in the Old Anatolian Turkish Period. 39. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University.
  • Polat, S. (2000). "Alaeddin Ibn Turkmânî". Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Sertkaya, O. F. (2010). "On the Surah Exegeses of Muhammed Mustafa bin Muhammed, a 14th Century Exegete". (ed. Mustafa Özkan-Enfel Doğan), International Symposium on Old Anatolian Turkish Studies. Istanbul.
  • Süreyya Bey, M. (1308). Ottoman Registry. Istanbul.
  • Şükrü, A. (1990). "Shihabuddin es-Sivasi and His Method in 'Uyûnü’t-Tefâsîr", Ataturk University (Journal of Faculty of Divinity), (9).
  • Taşköprizâde, İ. E. A. M. M. (1985). The Hyacinth Gardens of the Scholars of the Ottoman State. (ed. Ahmet Subhi Furat). Istanbul.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1987). The Candarli Vizier Family. Ankara.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1988). The Scholarly Institution of the Ottoman State. Ankara.
  • Yakuboğlu, K. (2006). Ottoman Madrasa Education and Philosophy. Istanbul.
  • Yelten, M. (1999). "Surah Exegeses in Anatolia and Their Importance in Turkish Language Studies". International Symposium on Pre-Ottoman Turkish: Old Turkey Turkish, Istanbul.
  • Yıldız, S. (1987). "An Overview of the Ottoman Exegesis Movement". 2/7. Bursa: Uludağ University.
  • Zirikli, E. G. M. H. M. F. D. (1995). The Notables. Beirut: Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin.

14th Century Ottoman Mufassirs and Their Works

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 133 - 148, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1449466

Abstract

The Ottoman state, like other Muslim states that came before it, tried to serve Islam and the Qur'ân al-kerîm and endeavored to contribute to the science of tafsir, which aims to reveal the meaning of the divine book. In this context, great importance was attached to education and training along with other institutions from the very beginning, and it was aimed to establish madrasahs from the earliest periods. The first madrasah in the Ottomans was established by Orhan Gazi (725-764/1324-1362) in Iznik in 731/1330, and later, in parallel with the development of the borders of the state, new madrasahs were opened in centers such as Bursa, Edirne, etc. Since the science of tafsir was one of the most important courses taught in madrasahs, care was taken to ensure that the scholars assigned to teach this course were well-equipped and skilled in the science of tafsir. Therefore, Ottoman scholars exegeted all or some sūrahs and verses of the Qur'ân al-kerîm, in Arabic or Turkish (Ottoman Turkish), and wrote commentaries or glosses in order to explain the word of God. Due to reasons such as the inability to leave the Principality system immediately, the state's struggle for existence, and the fact that the madrasah system had not yet been formed, the Ottoman scholarship, especially in the early years of its establishment, was more primitive and minimal compared to the later centuries. Nevertheless, it is observed that the first works of Ottoman scholarly tradition were written in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Consequently, the vast majority of the scholars who would guide those who would come after them were trained in this period and they produced many works. The aim of this study is to periodically identify the mufassirs who lived in the Ottoman geography in the 14th century or who were accepted as Ottoman scholars, even if indirectly, and to identify their works. In this direction, the lives of the scholars who lived in the relevant period and contributed to the science of tafsir and the works they wrote will be mentioned and information about their tafsirs will be given as far as possible. While preparing the study, a detailed examination was made in the catalogs of “Isam Turkey Libraries Database” and “Yazmalar.gov.tr”, taking into account the specified period and the field of tafsir, the works reached were classified and examined together with their authors, and the information obtained was added to the end of the study as a table. In conclusion, after the Turks became Muslims, especially in the first centuries, no independent Ottoman (Turkish) work was written. Scholars such as Khattāb b. Abī Qāsim al-Karahisarī (d. 717/1317), Shaykh Edebālī al-Karamānī (d. 726/1325), Dursun Fakih (d. 726/1325), Qāḍī Mahmūd al-Bursawī, who was the first Ottoman qadi, did not publish works despite their knowledge in the field of tafsir, and contented themselves with reading the previous works. In this period, Shaykh Shihāb al-dīn al-Sivāsī (d. 1006/1597) wrote a tafsir titled 'Uyūn al-tafāsīr lil al-fuzalāʾi al-samāsīr, but he could not bring a significant innovation to the Ottoman tafsir movement; nevertheless, he was accepted as the pioneer of the tafsir movement in the Ottoman Empire as he wrote an independent tafsir. In the 14th century, only Muslihiddîn Mustafa b. Muhammad wrote a tafsir in Turkish on the surahs Amme Juz, Fâtiha, Ihlâs, Mülk and Yâsin. In addition, a total of twenty-seven tafsir commentaries exist from the 14th century, based on the available records. The first commentary writer in the Ottoman Empire was Jamal al-Dīn al-Aksarāyī, who played a major role in introducing the method of reason used by Zamakhsharī, Qāḍī and al-Rāzī in their commentaries into Ottoman madrasahs. It is also said that he pioneered the teaching and popularization of Zamakhshari's work in Ottoman madrasahs with his work on Kashshāf. After Aksarâyî, it is known that some scholars such as Ekmelüddîn al-Bâbertî also contributed to this field by writing commentaries.

References

  • Abay, M. (2012). The Services of Turks to Qur'anic Exegesis from the Beginning to Present. Istanbul: Ensar Publishing.
  • Aytekin, A. (1991). Bâbertî. Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Bağdâdî, I. b. M. E. M. S. (1951). Hediyyetü’l-ârifîn esmâʾü’l-müellifîn ve âsârü’l-musannifîn. Istanbul.
  • Baltacı, C. (2005). Ottoman Madrasas in the 15th and 16th Centuries. Istanbul.
  • Bayrakdar, M. (2012). Davud al-Kayseri and the Philosophy of Wahdat al-Wujud. Istanbul: Ifav Publishing.
  • Bilge, M. (1984). The First Ottoman Madrasas. Istanbul.
  • Bilmen, Ö. N. (1955). History of Exegesis. Ankara: Directorate of Religious Affairs Publishing.
  • Brockelmann, C. (1995). History of Arabic Literature. Egypt.
  • Bursalı, M. T. E. (n.d.). Ottoman Authors. Istanbul: Meral Publishing.
  • Cevad, A. (1314). Historical and Geographical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul: Kasbar Printing House.
  • Cunbur, M. (1962). "Printed Translations and Commentaries of the Qur'an in Turkish Language". Diyanet Journal, Ankara.
  • Dartma, B. (2001). "Shihabuddin es-Sivasi 860-1455 and His Exegesis". Journal of Religious Studies.
  • Dartma, B. (2005). "Shihabuddin es-Sivasi: His Life and Scholarly Personality". Journal of the Faculty of Theology at Cumhuriyet University, Sivas.
  • Dartma, B. (2012). The Services of Turks to Qur'anic Exegesis from the Beginning to Present: Independent Dirayah Exegeses in the Ottoman Period. Istanbul.
  • Demir, Z. (2007). Ottoman Exegetes and Exegesis Studies. Istanbul: Ensar Publishing.
  • Doğan, İ. (2011). Ottoman Exegetes. Istanbul: Iz Publishing.
  • Fazlıoğlu, İ. (2011). Formation of Scholarly Life in the Ottoman Geography and Davud al-Kayseri. Ibn Arabi Tradition and Davud al-Kayseri (ed. Turan Koç). Istanbul: Insan Publishing.
  • Göde, K. (1995). Eretnaogullari. Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Günay, İ. (2016). Turkish Exegesis and Translation of the Qur'an from the Beginning to Present. Istanbul: Ensar Publishing.
  • Ibn Battuta, E. A. Ş. B. M. L. T. (1997). The Travels of Ibn Battuta (Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling). (ed. Abdülhadi Tazi). Rabat: Moroccan Academy.
  • Ibn Muhammed, M. (2005). Exegesis of Surah Al-Mulk. (ed. Mustafa Özel). Izmir: Birleşik Printing House.
  • Ibn al-Imad, E. F. A. b. A. M. (n.d.). Golden Fragments of Biographies. Beirut.
  • Isfahani, H. M. S. b. H. C. (1280). The Crown of Histories. Istanbul.
  • Kaçalin, M. S. (2012). "Vankulu". Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Katip Celebi, M. b. A. K. (1941). The Unveiling of Names of Books and Sciences. Baghdad: Mektebetü’l-Müsennâ.
  • Kaya, M. (2012). "Exegesis Activities After the Tanzimat". The Services of Turks to Qur'anic Exegesis from the Beginning to Present. Istanbul: Ensar Publishing.
  • Kehhale, O. b. R. M. R. A. D. (1993). Dictionary of Authors. Beirut: Müessetü’r-Risâle.
  • Kılıç, M. (1981). Ibn Kemal: His Life, Exegetical Works, and Method in Exegesis. Erzurum: Ataturk University Institute of Social Sciences (Unpublished PhD Thesis).
  • Leknevi, E. M. A. b. M. A. M. E. (1324). The Benefits of Biography of the Hanafi Scholars. Egypt.
  • Mecdi, M. E. (1989). The Gardens of the Martyrs. Istanbul.
  • Nüveyhid, A. (1988). Dictionary of Exegetes from the Beginning of Islam to the Present Era. Beirut.
  • Okulu, K. (2018). An Examination of Mustafa Muslihiddin's Exegesis of Surah Ikhlas by Ottoman Exegetes. Istanbul: Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences (Unpublished Master's Thesis).
  • Öz, M. (1993). "Cemaleddin Aksarayi". Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Özkan, Ö. (2012). Qur'an Translations in the Old Anatolian Turkish Period. 39. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University.
  • Polat, S. (2000). "Alaeddin Ibn Turkmânî". Istanbul: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam.
  • Sertkaya, O. F. (2010). "On the Surah Exegeses of Muhammed Mustafa bin Muhammed, a 14th Century Exegete". (ed. Mustafa Özkan-Enfel Doğan), International Symposium on Old Anatolian Turkish Studies. Istanbul.
  • Süreyya Bey, M. (1308). Ottoman Registry. Istanbul.
  • Şükrü, A. (1990). "Shihabuddin es-Sivasi and His Method in 'Uyûnü’t-Tefâsîr", Ataturk University (Journal of Faculty of Divinity), (9).
  • Taşköprizâde, İ. E. A. M. M. (1985). The Hyacinth Gardens of the Scholars of the Ottoman State. (ed. Ahmet Subhi Furat). Istanbul.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1987). The Candarli Vizier Family. Ankara.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1988). The Scholarly Institution of the Ottoman State. Ankara.
  • Yakuboğlu, K. (2006). Ottoman Madrasa Education and Philosophy. Istanbul.
  • Yelten, M. (1999). "Surah Exegeses in Anatolia and Their Importance in Turkish Language Studies". International Symposium on Pre-Ottoman Turkish: Old Turkey Turkish, Istanbul.
  • Yıldız, S. (1987). "An Overview of the Ottoman Exegesis Movement". 2/7. Bursa: Uludağ University.
  • Zirikli, E. G. M. H. M. F. D. (1995). The Notables. Beirut: Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tafsir
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İhsan Sütşurup 0000-0001-5757-6447

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date March 8, 2024
Acceptance Date April 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sütşurup, İ. (2024). 14th Century Ottoman Mufassirs and Their Works. Turkish Academic Research Review, 9(2), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1449466

Turkish Academic Research Review 
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