Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

COVID-19 Sürecinde B40 Refah Politikalarında Siyasi Finansman ve Politika Yanlılığı Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 227 - 241, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1463401

Abstract

Bu kavramsal çalışma, COVID-19 salgınının ortasında Malezya Kuala Lumpur'daki B40 (40'ın altı, ilk grup olan T20-Top %20 ve ikinci kategori M40-Orta %40'a kıyasla en düşük hane geliri elde eden toplam nüfusun %40'ıdır) kümesine yönelik refah politikalarının uygulanmasında siyasi finansman ve politika önyargısı arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiyi incelemektedir. B40 kümesi, toplu konutlarda (belirli hane geliri kategorilerine sahip yoksul vatandaşlar için devlete ait ağır sübvansiyonlu yerleşim alanları) ikamet eden nüfusun ekonomik açıdan en savunmasız kesimini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, siyasi finansmanın refah politikalarının oluşturulmasını ve uygulanmasını nasıl etkilediğini ve potansiyel olarak kaynak tahsisinde ve destek sağlanmasında yanlılığa yol açtığını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Mevcut akademik literatürün kapsamlı bir incelemesi ve ilgili vaka çalışmalarının analizi yoluyla, bu makale siyasi finansmanın refah politikalarına ilişkin karar alma sürecini ne ölçüde etkilediğini incelemeye girişmektedir. Analiz, politika yapıcılara mali destek sağlayan siyasi kuruluşların çıkarlarını destekleyebilecek politika formülasyonundaki potansiyel önyargıları belirlemeye odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca, bu tür yanlılıkların küresel COVID-19 krizi sırasında B40 kümesine kaynakların adil dağıtımı üzerindeki etkilerini de araştırmaktadır. Bu makalede kullanılan kavramsal çerçeve, politik ekonomi, yolsuzluk ve kamu politikası teorilerinden yararlanmaktadır. Makale, mevcut literatürü inceleyerek, B40 kümesi için refah politikaları alanında siyasi finansman ve politika önyargısı arasındaki dinamiklere dair incelikli bir kavrayış sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Nihai bulgular, özellikle küresel kriz dönemlerinde, siyasi finansmanın refah politikalarının oluşturulması ve yürütülmesi üzerindeki etkisine ilişkin teorik anlayışı zenginleştirmeye hazırdır. Bu çalışma, siyasi finansmandan kaynaklanan politika önyargılarını tespit ederek, şeffaf ve hesap verebilir karar alma süreçlerinin zorunluluğuna ilişkin eleştirel tartışmalar başlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu tür tartışmalar, COVID-19 salgınının ortasında Kuala Lumpur'daki B40 kümesi için refah politikalarının adil ve etkili bir şekilde uygulanmasını sağlamak için hayati önem taşımaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, sosyal yardım politikalarının oluşturulması ve uygulanmasında adalet, hakkaniyet ve sosyal adalet ilkelerinin gözetilmesi için gelişmiş yönetişim mekanizmaları ve kurumsal reformlara yönelik bir çağrı niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, savunmasız nüfuslara yönelik refah politikaları bağlamında siyasi finansman ve politika önyargısı arasındaki bağlantıya ışık tutarak mevcut literatüre katkıda bulunmaktadır. Siyasi etkinin refah politikası sonuçları üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak için yönetişim ve karar alma süreçlerindeki sistemik kusurların ele alınmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışmanın bulguları politika yapıcılar, savunuculuk grupları, sivil toplum örgütleri ve refah politikası gündemlerini şekillendiren ve reform girişimlerini savunan diğer paydaşlar için pratik sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, refah politikalarının oluşturulması ve uygulanmasında şeffaflık, hesap verebilirlik ve dürüstlüğün teşvik edilmesi için ortak bir çaba gösterilmesi çağrısında bulunmaktadır. Politika yapıcılar, etik yönetişim ve demokratik katılım kültürünü teşvik ederek, refah programlarının toplumun en kırılgan üyelerinin çıkarlarına hizmet etmesini ve eşitlikçi ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma sonuçlarına katkıda bulunmasını sağlayabilir.

Supporting Institution

University Tun Abdul Razak, Malaysia

Thanks

Aileme, arkadaşlarıma, üniversite doktora danışmanıma, işverenime ve herkese özel teşekkürler.

References

  • Abdullah, J., & Marzukhi, M. A. (2022). The COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: Its Impacts on the Poor and Migrant Workers Communities in Urban Areas (pp. 89–98). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11139-6_7
  • Ansolabehere, S., de Figueiredo, J. M., & Snyder Jr, J. M. (2015). Why is there so little money in US politics? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(1), 105-130.
  • Baharudin, S., Waked, H. N., & Paimen, M. S. (2021). MCO in Malaysia: Consumer confidence and households’ responses. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 55(1). https://doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2021-5501-7
  • Beyers, J. (2018). Interest group politics and financial contributions: A review and assessment. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Networks (pp. 473-492). Oxford University Press.
  • Bonica, A. (2017). Mapping the ideological marketplace. American Journal of Political Science, 61(3), 523-539.
  • Bonica, A. (2019). Ideology and interests in the political marketplace. The Journal of Politics, 81(1), 1-18.
  • Carlson, S. (2007). Money Politics in the 2004 Indonesian Elections. In Southeast Asian Affairs (pp. 11-25). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Chang, E. C., & Golden, M. A. (2007). Electoral systems, district magnitude, and corruption. British Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 115-137.
  • Doherty, C., Kiley, J., Asheer, N., & Price, T. (2023). Pew Research Center: Americans’ Dismal Views of the Nation’s Politics. www.pewresearch.org
  • Doherty, D. (2021). Campaign finance. In The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Employment Information and Analysis Services (EIAS). (2020). Interim Report 2020 Employment Insurance System As of 31 Disember 2020. Retrieved from https://ignitisgrupe.lt/sites/default/files/inline-files/Ignitis Group Interim report 2020.pdf
  • Flório Lima, B., & Bodet, M. A. (2023). The effects of personal campaign financing on party defection: Evidence from Brazil. Electoral Studies, 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102649
  • Fortune.My. (2021, June 3). Income Classifications In Malaysia – The T20, M40 and B40.
  • Https://Www.Fortune.My/Income-Classifications-in-Malaysia-the-T20-M40-and-B40.Htm.
  • Friedrichsen, J., & Solbu, K. (2019). Media exposure and political fundraising: Evidence from the European Parliament. Journal of Public Economics, 171, 1-16.
  • Gilens, M., Patterson, S., & Haines, P. (2021). Campaign Finance Regulations and Public Policy. American Political Science Review, 115(3), 1074–1081. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000149
  • Gomez, E. T. (1994). Political Business: Corporate Involvement of Malaysian Political Parties. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 24(3), 365-383
  • Green, W. N. (2023). Financial Inclusion or Subordination? The Monetary Politics of Debt in Cambodia. Antipode, 55(4), 1172–1192. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12920
  • Hoefer, R. (2022). Institutionalism as a Theory for Understanding Policy Creation: an Underused Resource. Journal of Policy Practice and Research, 3(2), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42972-022-00059-0
  • Jamaie, H. H. (2015). Money Politics in Malaysia: A Study of Electoral Corruption. In Governance and Corruption in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reform (pp. 187-202). Routledge.
  • Jamaludin, H., Mohamad, M., Zawawi, Z. A., Ab Majid, N. F. N., & Mohamed, B. (2021). The First Moratorium in Malaysia: How It Works? An Exploratory Study. An International Journal, 13(4s).
  • Jones, D. S. (2022). Challenges in combating corruption in Malaysia: issues of leadership, culture and money politics. Public Administration and Policy, 25(2), 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-01-2022-0002
  • Kadir, H. A., Ezat, S., & Puteh, W. (2023). Urban-Rural Discrepancies of low-income Women-headed Households in Malaysia. 22(1). https://doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v21i4
  • Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (1995). Changing models of party organization and party democracy: The emergence of the cartel party. Party Politics, 1(1), 5-28.
  • Khairiah, A. R., Chan, C. K., & Paramjit, K. S. (2013). Money Politics in Malaysia: The Effect on Democracy and Governance. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 21(2), 13-33.
  • Khan, S. (2017). Political finance in comparative perspective: Understanding the role of money in politics. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.
  • Kumar, S. (2017). Political finance regulation and accountability. In J. K. Thomassen & F. A. J. van der Meer (Eds.), Political trust and distrust in transitioning societies (pp. 113-133). Routledge.
  • Massoglia, A. (2023). Money in politics stories driving the news in 2023. Open Secrete: Following the Money in Politics.
  • Mizuno, M., & Doerfel, M. L. (2015). A network perspective on political campaign communication research. Communication Theory, 25(2), 194-218.
  • Mohd, N. S. D., & Azrak, T. (2021). Positive Social Impact of Islamic Social Finance During COVID-19: Case Study of Malaysia. Journal of Islamic and Humanities Studies, 1(3), 115–141. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6121753
  • Muhammad Agus, Y. (2005). Money Politics and Corruption in Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 35(1), 111-129.
  • Norris, P. (2011). Democratic deficit: Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nownes, A. J. (2013). Interest Groups in American Politics: Pressure and Power. Routledge.
  • Peffley, M., & Hurwitz, J. (2017). Public opinion and money in politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 379-399.
  • Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (2002). Political economics: Explaining economic policy. MIT Press.
  • Poguntke, T., & Webb, P. (2005). The presidentialization of politics: A comparative study of modern democracies. Oxford University Press.
  • Shahar, S., Lau, H., Puteh, S. E. W., Amara, S., & Razak, N. A. (2019). Health, access and nutritional issues among low-income population in Malaysia: introductory note. BMC Public Health, 19(S4), 552. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6852-8
  • Shahriza, N., Nur Zafifa, M., & Irlisuhayu, I. (2013). Political Financing in Malaysia: Challenges and Reform. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 21(1), 105-120.
  • Thinagar, S., Munawwarah Roslan, S. N., Ismail, M. K., & Chamhuri, N. (2021). COVID-19: B40 household’s financial and consumption during the implementation of Movement Control Order (MCO). Planning Malaysia: Journal Of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 19(15), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.21837/PM.V19I15.925

Assessing the Relationship between Political Financing and Policy Bias in B40 Welfare Policies during COVID-19

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 227 - 241, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1463401

Abstract

This conceptual paper delves into the intricate relationship between political financing and policy bias in the implementation of welfare policies for the B40 (Below 40 is the 40% of the total population that earns the lowest tier of household income compared to the first group of T20-Top 20% and second category M40-Middle 40%) cluster in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. The B40 cluster comprises the most economically vulnerable segment of the population residing in public housing (the heavily subsidized government-owned residential areas for underprivileged citizens with certain household income categories). This study aims to unravel how political financing influences the formulation and execution of welfare policies, potentially leading to bias in resource allocation and support provision. Through an exhaustive review of existing scholarly literature and analysis of pertinent case studies, this paper embarks on examining the degree to which political financing impacts the decision-making process concerning welfare policies. The analysis focuses on identifying potential biases in policy formulation that may favor the interests of political entities providing financial backing to policymakers. Furthermore, the study also explores the implications of such biases on the equitable distribution of resources to the B40 cluster during the global COVID-19 crisis. The conceptual framework employed in this paper draws from theories of political economy, corruption, and public policy. By dissecting the extant body of literature, the paper aims to offer a nuanced comprehension of the dynamics between political financing and policy bias in the realm of welfare policies for the B40 cluster. The eventual findings are poised to enrich the theoretical understanding of the influence exerted by political financing on the formulation and execution of welfare policies, particularly during periods of global crisis. By identifying policy biases stemming from political financing, this study aspires to catalyze critical discussions on the imperative of transparent and accountable decision-making processes. Such deliberations are vital to ensuring the fair and effective implementation of welfare policies for the B40 cluster in Kuala Lumpur amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper thus serves as a clarion call for enhanced governance mechanisms and institutional reforms to uphold the principles of fairness, equity, and social justice in welfare policy formulation and implementation. This study contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the nexus between political financing and policy bias in the context of welfare policies for vulnerable populations. It underscores the importance of addressing systemic flaws in governance and decision-making processes to mitigate the adverse effects of political influence on welfare policy outcomes. Moreover, the findings of this study have practical implications for policymakers, advocacy groups, civil society organizations and other stakeholders involved in shaping welfare policy agendas and advocating for reform initiatives. In conclusion, this paper calls for a concerted effort to promote transparency, accountability, and integrity in the formulation and implementation of welfare policies. By fostering a culture of ethical governance and democratic participation, policymakers can ensure that welfare programs serve the interests of the most vulnerable members of society and contribute to equitable and sustainable development outcomes.

Supporting Institution

University Tun Abdul Razak

Thanks

Special thanks for my parents, family, friends, university Phd Supervisor, employer, and everyone.

References

  • Abdullah, J., & Marzukhi, M. A. (2022). The COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: Its Impacts on the Poor and Migrant Workers Communities in Urban Areas (pp. 89–98). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11139-6_7
  • Ansolabehere, S., de Figueiredo, J. M., & Snyder Jr, J. M. (2015). Why is there so little money in US politics? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(1), 105-130.
  • Baharudin, S., Waked, H. N., & Paimen, M. S. (2021). MCO in Malaysia: Consumer confidence and households’ responses. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 55(1). https://doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2021-5501-7
  • Beyers, J. (2018). Interest group politics and financial contributions: A review and assessment. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Networks (pp. 473-492). Oxford University Press.
  • Bonica, A. (2017). Mapping the ideological marketplace. American Journal of Political Science, 61(3), 523-539.
  • Bonica, A. (2019). Ideology and interests in the political marketplace. The Journal of Politics, 81(1), 1-18.
  • Carlson, S. (2007). Money Politics in the 2004 Indonesian Elections. In Southeast Asian Affairs (pp. 11-25). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Chang, E. C., & Golden, M. A. (2007). Electoral systems, district magnitude, and corruption. British Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 115-137.
  • Doherty, C., Kiley, J., Asheer, N., & Price, T. (2023). Pew Research Center: Americans’ Dismal Views of the Nation’s Politics. www.pewresearch.org
  • Doherty, D. (2021). Campaign finance. In The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Employment Information and Analysis Services (EIAS). (2020). Interim Report 2020 Employment Insurance System As of 31 Disember 2020. Retrieved from https://ignitisgrupe.lt/sites/default/files/inline-files/Ignitis Group Interim report 2020.pdf
  • Flório Lima, B., & Bodet, M. A. (2023). The effects of personal campaign financing on party defection: Evidence from Brazil. Electoral Studies, 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102649
  • Fortune.My. (2021, June 3). Income Classifications In Malaysia – The T20, M40 and B40.
  • Https://Www.Fortune.My/Income-Classifications-in-Malaysia-the-T20-M40-and-B40.Htm.
  • Friedrichsen, J., & Solbu, K. (2019). Media exposure and political fundraising: Evidence from the European Parliament. Journal of Public Economics, 171, 1-16.
  • Gilens, M., Patterson, S., & Haines, P. (2021). Campaign Finance Regulations and Public Policy. American Political Science Review, 115(3), 1074–1081. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000149
  • Gomez, E. T. (1994). Political Business: Corporate Involvement of Malaysian Political Parties. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 24(3), 365-383
  • Green, W. N. (2023). Financial Inclusion or Subordination? The Monetary Politics of Debt in Cambodia. Antipode, 55(4), 1172–1192. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12920
  • Hoefer, R. (2022). Institutionalism as a Theory for Understanding Policy Creation: an Underused Resource. Journal of Policy Practice and Research, 3(2), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42972-022-00059-0
  • Jamaie, H. H. (2015). Money Politics in Malaysia: A Study of Electoral Corruption. In Governance and Corruption in Malaysia: Rhetoric and Reform (pp. 187-202). Routledge.
  • Jamaludin, H., Mohamad, M., Zawawi, Z. A., Ab Majid, N. F. N., & Mohamed, B. (2021). The First Moratorium in Malaysia: How It Works? An Exploratory Study. An International Journal, 13(4s).
  • Jones, D. S. (2022). Challenges in combating corruption in Malaysia: issues of leadership, culture and money politics. Public Administration and Policy, 25(2), 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-01-2022-0002
  • Kadir, H. A., Ezat, S., & Puteh, W. (2023). Urban-Rural Discrepancies of low-income Women-headed Households in Malaysia. 22(1). https://doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v21i4
  • Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (1995). Changing models of party organization and party democracy: The emergence of the cartel party. Party Politics, 1(1), 5-28.
  • Khairiah, A. R., Chan, C. K., & Paramjit, K. S. (2013). Money Politics in Malaysia: The Effect on Democracy and Governance. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 21(2), 13-33.
  • Khan, S. (2017). Political finance in comparative perspective: Understanding the role of money in politics. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.
  • Kumar, S. (2017). Political finance regulation and accountability. In J. K. Thomassen & F. A. J. van der Meer (Eds.), Political trust and distrust in transitioning societies (pp. 113-133). Routledge.
  • Massoglia, A. (2023). Money in politics stories driving the news in 2023. Open Secrete: Following the Money in Politics.
  • Mizuno, M., & Doerfel, M. L. (2015). A network perspective on political campaign communication research. Communication Theory, 25(2), 194-218.
  • Mohd, N. S. D., & Azrak, T. (2021). Positive Social Impact of Islamic Social Finance During COVID-19: Case Study of Malaysia. Journal of Islamic and Humanities Studies, 1(3), 115–141. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6121753
  • Muhammad Agus, Y. (2005). Money Politics and Corruption in Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 35(1), 111-129.
  • Norris, P. (2011). Democratic deficit: Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nownes, A. J. (2013). Interest Groups in American Politics: Pressure and Power. Routledge.
  • Peffley, M., & Hurwitz, J. (2017). Public opinion and money in politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 379-399.
  • Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (2002). Political economics: Explaining economic policy. MIT Press.
  • Poguntke, T., & Webb, P. (2005). The presidentialization of politics: A comparative study of modern democracies. Oxford University Press.
  • Shahar, S., Lau, H., Puteh, S. E. W., Amara, S., & Razak, N. A. (2019). Health, access and nutritional issues among low-income population in Malaysia: introductory note. BMC Public Health, 19(S4), 552. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6852-8
  • Shahriza, N., Nur Zafifa, M., & Irlisuhayu, I. (2013). Political Financing in Malaysia: Challenges and Reform. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 21(1), 105-120.
  • Thinagar, S., Munawwarah Roslan, S. N., Ismail, M. K., & Chamhuri, N. (2021). COVID-19: B40 household’s financial and consumption during the implementation of Movement Control Order (MCO). Planning Malaysia: Journal Of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 19(15), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.21837/PM.V19I15.925
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Public Policy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kamal Jaafar 0009-0002-7040-9840

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date April 3, 2024
Acceptance Date August 8, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Jaafar, K. (2024). Assessing the Relationship between Political Financing and Policy Bias in B40 Welfare Policies during COVID-19. Turkish Academic Research Review, 9(3), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1463401

Turkish Academic Research Review 
Creative Commons Lisansı Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır.