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How to Improve the Quality of Qualitative Research? A Descriptive Study on Theses in the Field of Communication in Turkey

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 84 - 106, 20.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1637178

Abstract

The field of communication, which has been shaped in the light of social sciences, is considered a science with its own boundaries, although it has an interdisciplinary transition. Historically, communication science has developed around different topics and continues to be structured with different researches depending on technological developments today. The use of varied research methods in these studies has caused researchers to be at different poles. While researchers who argue that the objective is valid in researches conducted in the field of communication prioritize quantitative research, researchers who address communication as the basis of human nature have started to use qualitative research method. In addition to this polarization, there are researchers who advocate that both methods should be integrated in the specific research subject. The reason why qualitative research is used in the conducted studies is the need for detailed explanation of human behaviors and humans in communication processes. The qualitative research method, which is shaped on the axis of post-positivism, goes to the basis of the person's own reality. Qualitative researches aim to deeply understand, define and explain human behavior and the events that develop around this behavior. It has been observed that the stages of the qualitative research process are not fully understood in researches conducted in the field of communication. In this context, it was aimed to examine the postgraduate theses written in the field of communication. The aim of the research is to identify the methodological problems in the qualitative research process in theses prepared by university students in the field of communication in Turkey. In other words, the research is set to examine how the qualitative research method is applied in the theses prepared by university students and the mistakes made. It was seen that the research in question is included in the case study design. An examination was made on master's and doctoral theses uploaded to a single website. Therefore, a holistic single case design research was carried out. In this context, 26 theses were selected from the national thesis center in Turkey using criterion sampling, according to the document analysis data collection technique. The selected theses were subjected to descriptive content analysis. Within the scope of the limitation of the research, validity and reliability criterias were tried to be provided. In the results obtained, it was determined that the researchers especially had problems in the research problem, research question, research design and validity-reliability. It was observed that these problems reduced the quality of the qualitative research. These results show students and academics who will study in the field of communication in the future the points they should pay attention to in the qualitative research process. Therefore, in the conclusion section of the article, suggestions were made to researchers to increase the quality of qualitative research. It is thought that these suggestions will contribute methodologically to future studies in the field of communication that are based on qualitative research and also use the mixed method research tradition.

Ethical Statement

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed during the preparation of this study and all the studies utilized are indicated in the bibliography.

References

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  • Mays, N., & Pope, C. (1995). Rigour and qualitative research. BMJ, 311, 109-112.
  • McMillan, J. H. (2000). Educational research: Fundamentals for the consumer (3nd Edition). New York: Longman.
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Nitel Araştırmanın Kalitesi Nasıl Artırılabilir? Türkiye’de İletişim Alanında Yapılan Tezler Üzerine Betimsel Bir İnceleme

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 84 - 106, 20.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1637178

Abstract

Sosyal bilimlerin ışığında şekillenen iletişim alanı, disiplinlerarası bir geçişe sahip olsa da kendi sınırları olan bir bilim olarak kabul edilmektedir. Tarihsel süreç içinde iletişim bilimi farklı konu başlıkları etrafında gelişmiş olup günümüzde teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olarak farklı araştırmalarla yapılanmaya devam etmektedir. Bu araştırmalarda farklı araştırma yöntemlerinin kullanılması araştırmacıların da farklı kutuplarda yer almasına neden olmuştur. İletişim alanında yapılan araştırmalarda nesnel olanın geçerli olduğunu savunan araştırmacılar nicel araştırmayı öncelerken, insan doğasının temelinde iletişimi ele alan araştırmacılar nitel araştırma yöntemini kullanmaya başlamıştır. Bu kutuplaşmaya ek olarak her iki yöntemin de araştırma konusu özelinde entegre olmasını savunan araştırmacılar da mevcuttur. Yapılan araştırmalarda nitel araştırmanın özellikle kullanılmasının nedeni iletişimsel süreçlerde insan davranışlarının, insana dair bütün olguların detaylı açıklanması ihtiyacıdır. Nitel araştırmalar, insan ve insana dair olayların ve olguların altında yatan nedenlere odaklanmaktadır. Post-pozitivizm ekseninde şekillenen nitel araştırma yöntemi insanın kendi gerçekliğinin temeline iner. Nitel araştırmalar, insan davranışını ve bu davranış etrafında gelişen olayları derinlemesine anlamayı, tanımlamayı ve detaylı bir şekilde açıklamayı amaçlar. İletişim alanında yapılan araştırmalar gözlemlendiğinde nitel araştırma sürecinin aşamalarının tam olarak anlaşılmadığı görülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda da yanlış adımların uygulandığı veya araştırma sürecinin eksik aşamalarının olduğu dikkat çekmiştir. Bu makalede ise öncelikle nitel araştırmaya dair bütün süreçler literatür doğrultusunda açıklanmıştır. Nitel araştırmanın temel felsefesi, araştırma probleminin ve araştırma sorusunun nasıl yazılması gerektiği, araştırma desenleri, örnekleme yöntemleri, veri toplama araçları, veri analiz yöntemleri, geçerlik ve güvenirliğin nasıl sağlanabileceği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın kapsamı iletişim alanındaki araştırmalar olduğu için iletişim alanında yazılan lisansüstü tezler (yüksek lisans ve doktora) incelenmek istenmiştir. Araştırmada problem olarak görülen konu, Türkiye’de iletişim alanında üniversite öğrencilerinin hazırlamış oldukları tezlerde, nitel araştırma sürecindeki metodolojik sorunlardır. Araştırmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencileri tarafından hazırlanan tezlerde nitel araştırma sürecinde ortaya çıkan metodolojik sorunları belirlemektir. Diğer bir deyişle nitel araştırma sürecine araştırmacıların uyup uymadıkları, eksiklikleri ya da fazla yer verdikleri konular üzerinde durulmuştur. Gerçekleştirilen hatalara yönelik çözümlerin neler olabileceği tartışılmıştır. Söz konusu araştırmanın durum çalışması deseni içinde yer aldığı görülmüştür. Tek bir web sitesine (ortam) yüklenmiş yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri üzerinde inceleme yapılmıştır. Dolayısıyla bütüncül tek durum deseninde araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye’de ulusal nitelik taşıyan tez merkezinden ölçüt örnekleme bağlamında ve doküman analizi veri toplama tekniğine göre 26 tez belirlenmiştir. İncelemeye alınan tezler sadece yöntem açısından değerlendirilmiş olup literatür taraması, akademik dil kullanımı vb. etmenler analize dahil edilmemiştir. Bu doğrultuda belirlenen tezler betimsel içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Betimsel içerik analizinde önceden belirlenen temalar ise nitel araştırma sürecinin aşamalarıdır. Araştırmanın sınırlılığı kapsamında geçerlik ve güvenirlik kriterleri sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlarda ise özellikle araştırmacıların araştırma problemi ve araştırma sorusu arasındaki farkı algılayamadığı, araştırma desenini tam olarak tanımlayamadığı görülmüştür. Bunun yanında örneklem özelinde incelenen çalışmalarda geçerlik ve güvenirlik kriterlerini sağlama konusunda araştırmacıların sorunlar yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, gelecekte iletişim alanında çalışma yapacak araştırmacılara, öğrencilere ve akademisyenlere nitel araştırma sürecinde dikkat etmeleri gereken noktaları göstermektedir. Araştırmada üzerinde durulan sorunların nitel araştırmanın kalitesini düşürdüğü gözlemlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla makalenin sonuç bölümünde araştırmacılara nitel araştırmanın kalitesini artırmaya yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Bu önerilerin ileride iletişim alanında yapılacak nitel araştırma temelli ve aynı zamanda karma yöntem araştırma geleneğini kullanacak çalışmalara metodolojik anlamda katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

References

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  • Arı, G. S., Armutlu, C., Tosunoğlu, N. G., & Toy, B. Y. (2009). Reflections of methodology discussions in the fields of management and marketing within the framework of positivist and postpositivist paradigms. H.U. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal, 27(1), 113-141.
  • Arslantaş, F. (2019). Intercultural communication: subculture group living in Mardin Syriacs' communication with national culture [Masters Thesis, Selçuk University]. Konya.
  • Ateş, H. (2023). Digital solidarity networks in combating poverty from the communication perspective [Masters Thesis, Trabzon University]. Trabzon.
  • Baltacı, A. (2018). A conceptual review on the sampling methods and sample size problem in qualitative research. Bitlis Eren University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 7(1), 231-274.
  • Barbour, R. S. (2001). Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: A case of the tail wagging the dog?. British Medical Journal, 322(1), 115-117.
  • Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The qualitative report, 13(4), 544-559.
  • Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8-14.
  • Borman, K. M., LeCompte, M. D., & Goetz, J. P. (1986). Ethnographic and qualitative research design and why it doesn't work. American Behavioral Scientist, 30, 42-57.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., et al. (2016). Scientific research methods (22nd Edition). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cam, A. E. (2022). The effect of intensive use of communication devices on marriage satisfaction and face-to-face communication of couples [Masters Thesis, Bahçeşehir University]. İstanbul.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Five qualitative approaches to inquiry. Sage.
  • Costello, P. J. M. (2007). Action research. London: Continuum Books.
  • Cropley, A. (2002). Qualitive research methods: An introduction for students of psychology and education. University of Latvia.
  • Connelly, L. M. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. Medsurg Nursing, 25(6), 435-437.
  • Çağıran, M. (2022). Anonymous identity and real (name) identity on social media: A perspective from impression management [Masters Thesis, Ege University]. İzmir.
  • Çapar, Z. B. (2019). The awareness of university students towards internet surveillance [Masters Thesis, Anadolu University]. Eskişehir.
  • Damar, M. A. (2023). Determining the communication processes or hearing-impaired children during the pandemic period: A qualitative analysis [Masters Thesis, Ege University]. İzmir.
  • Demirkol, K. (2015). Manipulation as a tool in media with in the context of political communication [Masters Thesis, Marmara University]. İstanbul.
  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. Sage.
  • Erkuş, A. (2005). Scientific research spiral. Ankara: Seçkin.
  • Ferrance, E. (2000). Action research: themes in education. Northeast and Islands Regional Educational Laboratory at Brown University.
  • Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6nd Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill International Edition.
  • Gall, M. D., Borg, W. R., & Gall, J. P. (1996). Educational research an introduction (6nd Edition). USA: Longman Publisher.
  • Gay, L., Mills, G., & Airasian, P. (2006). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application (8. Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Göç, S. (2017). Glitch as new media art and its reflection on visual communication [Masters Thesis, Anadolu University]. Eskişehir.
  • Hesse-Biber, S., & Johnson, R. B. (Ed.) (2015). The Oxford handbook of multimethod and mixed methods research inquiry. Oxford University Press.
  • İgit, A. (2019). Building empathic communication through digital games [Doctoral Thesis, Sakarya University]. Sakarya.
  • Kalkavan, B. (2022). Supporting international students' intercultural communication and adjustment process to university through activities based on interactional rituals: An action research in communication studies [Doctoral Thesis, Hasan Kalyoncu University]. Gaziantep.
  • Kara, M. (2023). The reflections of the global epidemic on the mediums used for theater presentation in Türkiye [Masters Thesis, İstanbul Medipol University]. İstanbul.
  • Karataş, Z. (2015). Qualitative research methods in social sciences. Journal of Spiritual Based Social Work Research, 1(1), 62-80.
  • Kavut, S. (2015). Influence of family communications of intergenerational communication differences [Masters Thesis, Marmara University]. İstanbul.
  • Koyuncu, D. (2022). Preschool teachers' opinions on the use of non-violent communication: A phenomenological study [Masters Thesis, Hasan Kalyoncu University]. Gaziantep.
  • Lerum, K. (2001). Subjects of desire: Academic armor, intimate ethnography, and the production of critical knowledge. Qualitative Inquiry, 7(4), 466-483.
  • Mays, N., & Pope, C. (1995). Rigour and qualitative research. BMJ, 311, 109-112.
  • McMillan, J. H. (2000). Educational research: Fundamentals for the consumer (3nd Edition). New York: Longman.
  • Merriam, S. B., & Grenier, R. S. (2019). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Morse, J. M. (2016). Mixed method design: Principles and procedures. New York: Routledge.
  • Myers, M. (2000). Qualitative research and the generalizability question: Standing firm with proteus. The Qualitative Report 4(3).
  • Neuman, L. W. (2003). Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches (5th Edition). Allyn and Bacon.
  • Norton, L. (2009). Action research in teaching and learning: A practical guide to conducting pedagogical research in universities. Routledge.
  • Osal, M. (2021). Gossip and rumor management from the eyes of the administrators working in Izmir province-Urla district state schools [Masters Thesis, İstanbul Kültür University]. İstanbul.
  • Özçelik, E. Ü. (2023). Perfectionism, self confidence and fear of negative evaluation in interpersonal communication [Masters Thesis, Marmara University]. İstanbul.
  • Özergin, E. (2015). Streisand Effect on mass media A theoretical framework fffer [Masters Thesis, Selçuk University]. Konya.
  • Özsirkecioğlu, G. (2022). Changing communication practices of individuals over 65 with thepandemic period (Sakarya province example) [Masters Thesis, Sakarya University] Sakarya.
  • Padilla-Diaz, M. (2015). Phenomenology in educational qualitative research: Philosophy as science or philosophical science. International Journal of Educational Excellence, 1(2), 101-110.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Sage.
  • Pyett, P. M. (2003). Validation of qualitative research in the “Real World.” Qualitative Health Research, 13(8), 1170-1179.
  • Sandelowski, M. (1986). The problem of rigor in qualitative research. Advances in Nursing Science, 8, 27-37.
  • Sargut, A. S. (2002). The dilemma of science: Determinability or indeterminacy. Journal of Management Research, 2(2), 121-126.
  • Sarı, E. (2022). A qualitative research on the reflection of digital education on teacher-students communication in the pandemic process [Masters Thesis, İstanbul Ticaret University]. İstanbul.
  • Sharts-Hopko, N. C. (2002). Assessing rigor in qualitative research. Journal of The Association of Nurses In Aids Care, 13(4), 84-86.
  • Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative research. Sage.
  • Şahin, C. C. (2024) Investigation of parents' perspectives towards different alternative and augmentative communication systems [Masters Thesis, İstanbul Medipol University]. İstanbul.
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There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Communication Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sezen Garip 0000-0002-5488-8573

Early Pub Date March 21, 2025
Publication Date March 20, 2025
Submission Date February 10, 2025
Acceptance Date March 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Garip, S. (2025). How to Improve the Quality of Qualitative Research? A Descriptive Study on Theses in the Field of Communication in Turkey. Turkish Academic Research Review, 10(1), 84-106. https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1637178

Turkish Academic Research Review 
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