Convection and accumulation of trifluralin herbicide in the soil in field conditions

Öz

Nowadays, one of the most important purposes in agricultural areas is to provide high agricultural production in order to supply the increasing food requirement according to the increasing population. In this context, many agricultural inputs which are used in order to get more yield from unit area effect the agricultural production system negatively. Herbicide is one the most important inputs, pollutes the natural resources such as water and soil and effects the living creatures by reaching to the rivers, lakes and seas and underground waters besides several macro and micro livings or effects the food chain by cumulating in these living organisms. This research includes the soils to which the irrigation application is done by the water in the wells in Turgutbey irrigation areas in Thrace region. Convection and accumulation of trifluralin herbicide in different layers of the soil were examined. Sampling was done in 16 different points and 3 layers which had different organic matters and structure. Trifluralin residual amounts were determined in 1200 (max.) ug/L level with 2,4 (min.). The trifluralin amounts were determined to be higher in the top layers of the profiles in the soil samples but decline in the concentrations was seen in the substratum. Besides, the trifluralin concentrations in the soils taken in spring were determined to be higher than the concentrations in the soil samples in autumn.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Trifluralin,Soil,Convection,Accumulation

Tarla koşullarında uygulanan trifluralin herbisidinin toprakta taşınımı ve birikimi

Öz

Günümüzde tarım alanlarında en önemli amaçlardan bir tanesi, artan nüfusa ve ona paralel olarak artan gıda gereksinimi karşılamaya yönelik olarak yüksek tarımsal üretimin sağlanmasıdır. Bu bağlamda, birim alandan daha fazla verim almak amacı ile tarımda kullanılan birçok tarımsal girdi, tarımsal üretim sistemini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Herbisit girdisi bunların en önemlilerinden biri olup başta su ve toprak gibi doğal kaynakları kirletmesi ve topraktaki kalıntıları ile bir çok makro ve mikro canlının yanı sıra, topraktan yıkanarak yer altı suyuna ve akarsu, göl ve deniz gibi su yüzeylerine ulaşarak yaşayan canlıları direkt olarak, ya da bu canlı organizmalarda birikerek besin zincirini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Araştırma, Trakya Bölgesi Turgutbey sulama sahasında üreticilerin açtıkları kuyulardan sağlanan su ile sulama uygulaması yapılan toprakları kapsamaktadır. Sahaya ait toprakların farklı katmanlarında trifluralin herbisitinin toprakta taşınımı ve kalıntı olarak birikimi irdelenmiştir. Çalışmada, farklı organik madde ve bünyeye sahip 16 farklı noktada ve 3 katmanda örnekleme yapılmıştır. Dört yıllık çalışmada, 2,4 (min.) ile 1200 (max.) ug/L düzeyinde trifluralin kalıntı miktarları belirlenmiştir. Toprak örneklerinde profillerin üst katmanlarında trifluralin miktarları daha yüksek olurken alt katlara inildiğinde konsantrasyonlarda düşme görülmektedir. Ayrıca ilkbaharda alınan topraklardaki trifluralin konsantrasyonlarının sonbaharda yapılan toprak örneklemelerindeki konsantrasyonlara oranla daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Trifluralin,toprak,taşınma,birikim

Kaynakça

1. Arias-Estevez M, Lopes-Periago E, Martines-Karballoe, Simal-Gandara J, Mejusto Jc, Garcia-Rio L, 2008. The mobility and degradation of pesticides in soils and the pollution of groundwater resources. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 123: 247–260.
2. Bedos C, Rousseau-Djabri Mf, Flura D, Masson S, Barriuso E, Cellier P, 2002. Rate of pesticide volatilization from soil: an experimental approach with a wind tunnel system applied to trifluralin. Atmospheric Environment 36(39): 5917-5925.
3. Bedos C, Rousseau-Djabri Mf, Gabrielle B, Flura D, Durand B, Barriuso E, Cellier P, 2006. Measurement of trifluralin volatilization in the field: relation to soil residue and effect of soil incorporation. Environmental Pollution 144(3): 958-966.
4. Bengtson RL, Southwick LM, Willis GH, Cater CE, 1990. The influence of subsurface drainage practice on herbicide losses. American Society of Agricultural Engineers 33: 415-419.
5. Berger Bm, Duehlmeıer D, Sıebert Cf, 1999. Tillage effects on persistence and istribution of trifluralin in soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 28 (4):1162-1167.
6. Boivin A, Cherrier R, Michel Schiavon M, 2005. A comparison of five pesticides adsorption and desorption processes in thirteen contrasting field soils. Chemosphere 61 (5): 668-676.
7. Dinç U, Şenol S, Kapur S, Atalay İ, Cangir C, 1995. Türkiye Toprakları. Ç.Ü Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın No: 51 Ders Kitapları Yayın No:12 Adana.
8. Feagley SE, Kim JH, 1995. Adsorption and leaching of cis and tras-permethrin in the soil. Journal of Korean Environmental Science Society 4: 379-386.

9. Francioso O, Bak E, Rossi N, Sequi P, 1992. sorption of atrazine and trifluralin in relation to the physio-chemical characteristics of selected soils. The Science of The Total Environment 123-124: 503-512.
10. Gardner Ds, Branham Be, 2001. Effect of turfgrass cover and irrigation on soil mobility and dissipation of mefenoxam and propiconazole. Journal of Environmental Quality 30: 1612–1618.
11. Grass B, Wenclawiak Bw, Rüdel H, 1994. ınfluence of air velocity, air temperature, and air humidity on the volatilisation of trifluralin from soil. Chemosphere 28 (3): 491-499.
12. Harper LA, White AV, Bruce RR, Thomas AW, Leonard RA, 2000. Soil and microclimate effects on trifluralin volatilization. Soil Science 165 (9): 690-698.
13. Hollingsworth EB, 1980. Volatility of trifluralin from field soil. Weed Science 28(2): 224-228.
14. Johnstone Pk, Jolley Av, Code Gr, Moerkerk Mr, Corbett A, 1998. Degradation of trifluralin in three victorian soils—long-term field trials. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38(4): 363 – 374.
15. Kim JH, Feagley SE, 1998. Adsorption and leaching of trifluralin, metolachlor, and metribuzin in a commerce soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 33(5): 529-546.
16. Kim JH, Feagley SE, 2002. Leaching of trifluralin, metolachlor, and metribuzin in a clay loam soil of louisiana. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. 37(5): 393-403.
17. Kodesova R, Kocarek M, Kodes V, Drabek O, Kozak J, Hejtmankova K, 2011. Pesticide adsorption in relation to soil properties and soil type distribution in regional scale. Journal of Hazardous Materials 186: 540–550.
18. Menges RM, Tamez S, 1974. Movement and persistence of bensulide and trifluralin in irrigated soil. Weed Science 22(1): 67-71.
19. Moore MT, Lizotte RE, Knifht SS, Smith S, Copper CM, 2007. Assessment of pesticide contamination in three Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes using Hyalella azteca. Chemosphere 67(11):2184-2191.
20. Moyer JR, 1979. Soil organic matter, moisture, and temperature: effect on wild oats control with trifluralin. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 59(3): 763-768.
21. Müller K, Magesan GN, Bolan NS, 2007. A critical review of the influence of effluent irrigation on the fate of pesticides in soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 120: 93–116.
22. Nelson SD, Letey J, Farmer WJ, Williams CF, Ben-Hur M, 2000. Herbicide application method effects on napropamide complexation with dissolved organic matter. Journal of Environmental Quality 29: 987–994.
23. Nelson SD, Letey J, Farmer WJ, Williams CF, Ben-Hur M, 2000. Herbicide application method effects on napropamide complexation with dissolved organic matter. Journal of Environmental Quality 29: 987–994.
24. Pintar M, Pilk M, Lobnik F, Hudnik V, Zupan M, Carpi E, Evans SP, Trevisan M, 1996. Mobility, leaching and degradation of atrazine in columk and field experiments. Water Management Institute, Hajdrihova 28, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
25. Querejeta GA, Ramos LM, Hughes EA, Vullo D, Zalts A, Montserrat JM, 2014. Environmental fate of trifluralin, procymidone and chlorpyrifos in small horticultural production units in Argentina. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 225:1952.
26. Sağlam MT, 1994. Toprak ve Suyun Kimyasal Analiz Yöntemleri. T.Ü. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi yayınları, Tekirdağ.
27. Savage KE, Barrentine WL, 1969. Trifluralin persistence as affected by depth of soil incorporation. Weed Science 17 (3): 349-352.
28. Southwick LM, Willis GH, Mercado OA, Bengtson RL, 1997. Effect of subsurface drains on runoff losses of metolachlor and trifluralin from mississippi river alluvial soil. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32(1):106-9.
29. Spencer WF, Cliath MM, 1974. Factors affecting vapor loss of trifluralin from soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 22(6): 987-991.
30. Tavares M, Rezende M, 1998. Effect of humic acid on the sorption of trifluralin by soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. 33 (6): 749-767.
31. Tissier C, Morvan C, Bocquené G, Grossel H, James A, Marchand M, 2005. Les bstances prioritaires de la Directive cadre sur l’eau (DCE). Fiches de synthèse RapportIfremer. Erişim Adresi: www.ifremer.fr/delpc/pdf/RAPPORT_FICHES33_SUBSTANCES.pdf
32. Tok HH, 1996. Trakya Bölgesinde Pestisit Kullanımı ve Pestisitlerin Çevre Üzerindeki Olumsuz Etkileri. Trakya Tarım ve Çevre Sempozyumu, Çorlu.
33. Tok HH, 1997. Çevre Kirliliği. T.Ü. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi, Ders Kitabı, Tekirdağ.