An Experimental Study on Unit Side Resistance of Gaziantep Limestone

Abstract

In this study, the correlation between the uniaxial compressive strength and unit side resistance of Gaziantep limestone was investigated experimentally for dry and fully saturated conditions. The results were compared with the methods given in the literature which correlate these two parameters. The linear correlations significantly overestimated the measured side resistance values for all tests while the non-linear methods generally overestimated the unit side resistance under fully saturated conditions but provided a reasonable estimation for dry samples. As a result, a linear correlation and non-linear correlation ranges for estimating the unit side resistance of such limestones were also suggested. 

Keywords

• limestone
• side resistance
• rock
• strength
• correlation

An Experimental Study on Unit Side Resistance of Gaziantep Limestone

Abstract

In this study, the correlation between the uniaxial compressive strength and unit side resistance of Gaziantep limestone was investigated experimentally for dry and fully saturated conditions. The results were compared with the methods given in the literature which correlate these two parameters. The linear correlations significantly overestimated the measured side resistance values for all tests while the non-linear methods generally overestimated the unit side resistance under fully saturated conditions but provided a reasonable estimation for dry samples. As a result, a linear correlation and non-linear correlation ranges for estimating the unit side resistance of such limestones were also suggested.

Keywords

• limestone
• side resistance
• rock
• strength
• correlation

References

1. [1] Kaderabek, T.J., Reynolds, R.T., Miami limestone foundation design and construction. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 107, 1981.
2. [2] Gupton, C., Logan, T., Design guidelines for drilled shafts in weak rocks of south Florida. South Florida Annual ASCE Meeting, Florida, 1984.
3. [3] Reese, L.C., O’Neill, M.W., Drilled shafts: Construction and design. FHWA, Publication No. HI-88, 42, 1988.
4. [4] Toh, C.T., Ooi, T.A., Chiu, H.K., Chee, S.K., Ting, W.H., Design parameters for bored piles in a weathered sedimentary formation. Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Engng 2, Rio de Janeiro, 1989.
5. [5] Rosenberg, P., Journeaux, N.L., Friction and end bearing tests on bedrock for high capacity socket design. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 13(3), 324-333, 1976.
6. [6] Meigh, A.C., Wolski, W., Design parameters for weak rocks. 7th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Mexico, 1969.
7. [7] Horvath, R.G., Kenney, T.C., Shaft resistance of rock-socketed drilled piers. Symposium on Deep Foundations, Atlanta, 1979.
8. [8] Horvath, R.G., Kenney. T.C., Kozicki, P., Methods of improving the performance of drilled piers in weak rock. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 20(4), 758-772, 1983.

9. [9] Rowe, R.K., Armitage, H.H., The design of piles socketed into weak rock. University of Western Ontario Faculty of Engineering Science, 1984.
10. [10] Carter, J.P., Kulhawy, F.H., Analysis and design of drilled shaft foundations socketed into rock (No. EPRI-EL-5918). Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA (USA); Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (USA). Geotechnical Engineering Group, 1988.
11. [11] Kulhawy, F.H., Phoon, K.K., Drilled shaft side resistance in clay soil to rock. Design and performance of deep foundations: Piles and piers in soil and soft rock, Texas, 1993.
12. [12] Rezazadeh, S., Eslami, A., Empirical methods for determining shaft bearing capacity of semi-deep foundations socketed in rocks. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 9(6), 1140-1151, 2017.
13. [13] Rowe, R.K., Armitage, H.H., A design method for drilled piers in soft rock. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 24(1), 126-142, 1987.
14. [14] O’Neill, M.W., Reese, L.C., Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design. Report FHWA-IF-99-025, Federal Highway Administration, Virginia, 1999.
15. [15] Akgüner, C., Kirkit, M., Kayaya Soketli Kazıkların Yükleme Deneyi ve Ampirik Yöntemlerle Belirlenen Kapasitelerinin Karşılaştırılması. Teknik Dergi, 22(109), 5713-5723, 2011.
16. [16] Marangoz, L., Correlation of geotechnical properties of limestone with ultrasonic pulse velocity in Gaziantep region. M.Sc. thesis submitted to School of Natural and Applied Science, University of Gaziantep, 2005.
17. [17] Canakci, H., Collapse of caves at shallow depth in Gaziantep city center, Turkey: a case study. Environmental geology, 53(4), 915-922, 2007.
18. [18] Xie, S. Y., Shao, J. F., Elastoplastic deformation of a porous rock and water interaction. International Journal of Plasticity, 22(12), 2195-2225, 2006.
19. [19] International Society for Rock Mechanics, The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 1974-2006. International Soc. for Rock Mechanics, Commission on Testing Methods, 2007.
20. [20] ASTM C39 / C39M-18, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
21. [21] Carter, J.P., Kulhawy, F.H., Analysis of laterally loaded shafts in rock. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 118(6), 839-855, 1992.
22. [22] Kulhawy, F.H., Akbas, S.O., Prakoso, W.A., Evaluation of capacity of rock foundation sockets, the 40th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS) of American Rock Mechanics Association, Alaska, 2005.
23. [23] Salgado, R., The engineering of foundations, New York. McGraw-Hill, 2008.
24. [24] Williams, A.F., Johnston, J.W., Donald, I.B., Design of socketed piled in weak rock. In: Proceedings of international conference on structural foundations on rock, 327-347, 1980.
25. [25] Williams, A., Pells, P. J. N., Side resistance rock sockets in sandstone, mudstone, and shale. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 18(4), 502-513, 1981.
26. [26] Bloomquist, D., Townsend, F. C., Development of insitu equipment for capacity determinations of deep foundations in Florida limestone. University of Florida, Department of Civil Engineering, 1991.
27. [27] McVay, M. C., Townsend, F. C., Williams, R. C., Design of socketed drilled shafts in limestone. Journal of geotechnical engineering, 118(10), 1626-1637, 1992.
28. [28] AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications. Transportation (Amst). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Inc., Washington, DC, 2007.
29. [29] CFEM, Canadian foundation engineering manual 4th edition. Canadian Geotechnical Society, 2006.