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Year 2014, Volume: 25 Issue: 122, 6757 - 6774, 01.03.2014

M. Sinan Yıldırım A. Melih Yanmaz

Abstract

Computer-Aided Design of Armoring Type Bridge Scour Countermeasures Local scouring at piers of river bridges affects the bridge safety adversely. Proper design and implementation of scour countermeasures can limit potential bridge failures. This study deals with the description of a computer program developed in VB.Net language to design armoring type bridge scour countermeasures. This program is applied to a bridge located in Rize, Turkey. To this end, flow, bed material, and bridge structural characteristics are defined to determine the maximum depths of scour at bridge elements. Using this information, various alternatives are tested from constructional, geotechnical, hydraulics, and economic feasibility viewpoints. Based on a selection index, partially grouted riprap is found to be a suitable countermeasure for the cited project

Keywords

Bridge pier scour countermeasure riprap

References

  • 1 Yanmaz, A.M. ve Kürkçüoğlu, S. Integrated Assessment of the Effects of the Type, Geometry and Structural Aspects of Bridge on Hydraulic Conditions, Proceedings of 6th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey, 2004.
  • 2 Yanmaz, A. M. ve Kürkçuoğlu, S. Assessment of Hydraulic and Structural Interactions for Bridges, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Hydroscience and Engineering Conference, Seoul, Korea, 2000.
  • 3 Yanmaz, A. M. ve Bulut, F. Computer Aided Analysis of Flow Through River Bridges, CD-ROM Proceedings of World Water and Environmental Sciences Congress, ASCE, ISBN: 07844-0569-7, Orlando, ABD, 2001.
  • 4 Yanmaz, A.M. Köprü Hidroliği, Birinci Baskı, ODTÜ Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2002.
  • 5 Johnson, P.A. Reliability-based pier scour engineering, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 118(10): 1344-1358, 1992.
  • 6 Johnson, P.A., ve Ayyub, B.M. Modeling uncertainty in prediction of pier scour, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 122(2):66-72, 1996.
  • 7 Yanmaz, A.M. ve Çelebi, T. Assessment of Uncertainties for Local Scouring Parameters Around Bridge Abutments, CD-ROM Proceedings of 2002 Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, Roanoke, ABD, 2002.
  • 8 Yanmaz, A.M., ve Kocabıyık, B. Risk Assessment of Scour Vulnerable Bridges: A Case Study, CD-ROM Proceedings of 2002 Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, Roanoke, ABD, 2002.
  • 9 Yanmaz, A.M. ve Çelebi, T. Evaluation of Scouring Reliability at Bridge Abutments”, CD-ROM Proceedings World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, Salt Lake City, ABD, 2004.
  • 10 Yanmaz, A.M. Investigation of the Effects of Uncertainties on the Reliability Estimation of a Hydraulic Structure, Proceedings of 6th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Istanbul, 2004.
  • 11 Yanmaz, A.M. Uncertainty of Local Scouring Parameters Around Bridge Piers, Mühendislik ve Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, TÜBİTAK, Vol. 25, No: 2, 127-137, 2001.
  • 12 Yanmaz, A.M., ve Üstün, İ. Generalized Reliability Model for Local Scour Around Bridge Piers of Various Shapes, Mühendislik ve Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, TÜBİTAK, Vol. 25, No:6, 687-698, 2000.
  • 13 Yanmaz, A. M., ve Çiçekdağ, Ö. Composite Reliability Model for Local Scour Around Cylindrical Bridge Piers, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 28, No:3, 520-535, June, 2001.
  • 14 Köse, Ö., ve Yanmaz, A.M. Scouring Reliability of Bridge Abutments, Teknik Dergi, Vol. 21, No:1, 4919-4934, 2010.
  • 15 Turan, K.H., ve Yanmaz, A.M. Reliability-based optimization of river bridges using artificial intelligence techniques, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol: 38, No:10, 1103-1111, 2011.
  • 16 Yıldırım, M.S. Computer Assisted Design Methodology for Armoring Type Bridge Scour Countermeasures, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, ODTÜ, Ankara, 2013.
  • 17 Melville, B.W., ve Coleman, S.E. (2000). Bridge Scour, Water Resources Publications, LLC, Colorado, ABD, 2000.
  • 18 Laursen, E.M. Scour at Bridge Crossings, Bulletin No:8, Iowa Highway Research Board, Ames, Iowa, ABD, 1958.
  • 19 Laursen, E.M. An analysis of Relief Bridge Scour, Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 89(HY3), 93-118, 1963.
  • 20 Carstens, M.R. Similarity Laws for Localized Scour, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 92(HY3), 13-36, 1966.
  • 21 Hancu, S. Sur le Calcul des Affouillements Locaux Dans la Zone des Piles de Ponts, Proceedings 14 th IAHR Congress, 3: 299-313, 1971.
  • 22 Neill, C.R. Guide to Bridge Hydraulics, Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Kanada, 1973.
  • 23 Breusers, H.N.C., Nicollet, G., ve Shen, H.W. (1977). “Local Scour Around Cylindrical Piers”, Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, 15(3), 211-252.
  • 24 Jain, S.C., ve Fischer, E.E. Scour Around Bridge Piers at High Froude Numbers, Rapor No: F.H.W.A.R.D.:79-104, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C, ABD, 1979.
  • 25 Jain, S.C., ve Fischer, E.E. Scour Around Bridge Piers at High Flow Velocities, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 106(HY11), 1827-1842, 1980.
  • 26 Yanmaz, A. M. Time-Dependent Analysis of Clear Water Scour Around Bridge Piers, Doktora tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 1989.
  • 27 Yanmaz, A.M., ve Altinbilek, H.D. Study of Time-dependent Local Scour Around Bridge Piers, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 117(10):1247-1268, 1991.
  • 28 Yanmaz, A. M. Temporal Variation of Clear Water Scour at Cylindrical Bridge Piers, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 33, No: 8, 1098-1102, 2006.
  • 29 Yanmaz, A.M., ve Köse, Ö. A Semi-Empirical Model for Clear Water Scour Evolution at Bridge Abutments, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol.47, Issue 1, 110-118, 2009.
  • 30 Johnson, P.A. Reliability-based Pier Scour Engineering, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 118(10): 1344-1358, 1992.
  • 31 Melville, B.W. Pier and Abutment Scour: Integrated Approach, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 123(2), 125-136, 1997.
  • 32 Richardson, E.V. ve Davis, S.R. Evaluating Scour at Bridges, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No:18, Yayın No: FHWA NHI 01-001, FHWA, US. Dept. of Transportation, Washington, D.C., ABD, 2001.
  • Ghorbani, B. A Field Study of Scour at Bridge Piers in Flood Plain Rivers, Mühendislik ve Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, TÜBİTAK, 32, 189-199, 2008.
  • Yanmaz, A.M. ve Özdemir, E.C. A Feasibility Study on Bridge Scour Countermeasures, CD-ROM Proceedings World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, Salt Lake City, ABD, 2004.
  • Lagasse, P. F., Zevenbergen, L. W., Schall, J. D., ve Clopper, P. E. Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures - Experience, Selection, and Design Guidelines, Hydraulic Engineering Circular (HEC) No. 23, Second Edition. FHWA Report No. FHWA NHI 01-003. Washington, D.C., 2001.
  • Lagasse, P. F, Clopper, P. E., Zevenbergen, L. W., ve Girard L. G. Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour, NCHRP Report 593 Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2007.
  • Yanmaz, A.M., ve Apaydın, M. A Study on Bridge Scour Risk Assessment and Countermeasure Design, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, Vol. 26, No:4, 499-506, 2012.
  • Yanmaz, A.M., ve Çam, U.E. Bridge Scour Countermeasure Design: A Case Study, Proceedings of Tenth International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, 2012, Vol. 1, 2012.
  • Parker, G., Toro-Escobar, C., ve Voigt, R.L., Jr. Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour, Users Guide (revised1999) and Final Report, NCHRP Project 24-7, prepared for Transportation Research Board by St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, MN, 360 s, 1998.
  • Özdemir, C. E. A Feasibility Study on Bridge Scour Countermeasures, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2003.
  • Johnson, P. ve Niezgoda, S. Risk-Based Method for Selecting Bridge Scour Countermeasures, J. Hydraul. Eng., 130(2), 121–128, 2004.
  • Çam, U.E. Scour Countermeasure Design for Sequential Viaducts on Ankara-Pozantı Highway, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2012.
  • Richardson, E.V., Simons, D.B., ve Julian, P.Y. Highways in the River Environment, Design and Training Manual, FHWA, Washington, D.C., 1990.
  • Yanmaz, A.M., ve Coşkun, F. Hydrological Aspects of Bridge Design: Case Study, Journal of Irriation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 121(6), 411-418, 1995.
  • Önsoy, H. Doğu Karadeniz’de Kıyılara ve Dere Yataklarına Müdahaleler ve Beklenen Taşkınlar, Türkiye Mühendisilik Haberleri, Cilt 420 No: 4 145-147, 2002.
  • Ahmed W. Abdeldayem, Gamal H. Elsaeed, ve Ahmed A. Ghareeb. The Effect of Pile Group Arrangements on Local Scour Using Numerical Models, Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 201, 141-146, 2011.
  • Brunner, G. W. HEC-RAS River Analysis System User’s Manual Version 3.1, California: US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources, Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), 2002.
  • Chow, V.T. Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw- Hill, New York, 1959.

Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı

Year 2014, Volume: 25 Issue: 122, 6757 - 6774, 01.03.2014

M. Sinan Yıldırım A. Melih Yanmaz

Abstract

Akarsu geçişli köprülerde, akım alanı içerisinde kalan köprü ayakları çevresinde gelişen yerel oyulmalar, köprü emniyetini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Özellikle mevcut köprülerde, taban oyulmalarını önlemek için yapılan düzenleme yapılarının nitelikli bir şekilde tasarımı ve uygulanması ile köprülerde meydana gelen hasarların önüne geçmek mümkün olmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, köprü açıklığındaki oyulmalara karşı literatürde kabul gören kriterlere göre ayaklar etrafına yapılacak çeşitli kaplamaların tasarımı için VB.Net dilinde bir bilgisayar programı geliştirilmiştir. Programın uygulaması için Türkiye’nin Rize ilinde yer alan mevcut bir köprü projesi ele alınmış; akım, taban malzemesi ve yapısal özellikler göz önünde tutularak köprü bölgesindeki olası yatak oyulmaları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen değerler ışığında çeşitli koruma yapısı seçenekleri arasından yapısal, zemin, hidrolik ve ekonomi gibi etmenleri göz önünde bulunduran bir seçim kriteri yardımı ile kısmi harçlı riprapın anılan köprü projesi için uygulanabilirliği teyit edilmiştir

Keywords

Köprü köprü ayağı oyulma önleyici düzenleme yapısı riprap

References

  • 1 Yanmaz, A.M. ve Kürkçüoğlu, S. Integrated Assessment of the Effects of the Type, Geometry and Structural Aspects of Bridge on Hydraulic Conditions, Proceedings of 6th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey, 2004.
  • 2 Yanmaz, A. M. ve Kürkçuoğlu, S. Assessment of Hydraulic and Structural Interactions for Bridges, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Hydroscience and Engineering Conference, Seoul, Korea, 2000.
  • 3 Yanmaz, A. M. ve Bulut, F. Computer Aided Analysis of Flow Through River Bridges, CD-ROM Proceedings of World Water and Environmental Sciences Congress, ASCE, ISBN: 07844-0569-7, Orlando, ABD, 2001.
  • 4 Yanmaz, A.M. Köprü Hidroliği, Birinci Baskı, ODTÜ Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2002.
  • 5 Johnson, P.A. Reliability-based pier scour engineering, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 118(10): 1344-1358, 1992.
  • 6 Johnson, P.A., ve Ayyub, B.M. Modeling uncertainty in prediction of pier scour, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 122(2):66-72, 1996.
  • 7 Yanmaz, A.M. ve Çelebi, T. Assessment of Uncertainties for Local Scouring Parameters Around Bridge Abutments, CD-ROM Proceedings of 2002 Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, Roanoke, ABD, 2002.
  • 8 Yanmaz, A.M., ve Kocabıyık, B. Risk Assessment of Scour Vulnerable Bridges: A Case Study, CD-ROM Proceedings of 2002 Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, Roanoke, ABD, 2002.
  • 9 Yanmaz, A.M. ve Çelebi, T. Evaluation of Scouring Reliability at Bridge Abutments”, CD-ROM Proceedings World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, Salt Lake City, ABD, 2004.
  • 10 Yanmaz, A.M. Investigation of the Effects of Uncertainties on the Reliability Estimation of a Hydraulic Structure, Proceedings of 6th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Istanbul, 2004.
  • 11 Yanmaz, A.M. Uncertainty of Local Scouring Parameters Around Bridge Piers, Mühendislik ve Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, TÜBİTAK, Vol. 25, No: 2, 127-137, 2001.
  • 12 Yanmaz, A.M., ve Üstün, İ. Generalized Reliability Model for Local Scour Around Bridge Piers of Various Shapes, Mühendislik ve Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, TÜBİTAK, Vol. 25, No:6, 687-698, 2000.
  • 13 Yanmaz, A. M., ve Çiçekdağ, Ö. Composite Reliability Model for Local Scour Around Cylindrical Bridge Piers, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 28, No:3, 520-535, June, 2001.
  • 14 Köse, Ö., ve Yanmaz, A.M. Scouring Reliability of Bridge Abutments, Teknik Dergi, Vol. 21, No:1, 4919-4934, 2010.
  • 15 Turan, K.H., ve Yanmaz, A.M. Reliability-based optimization of river bridges using artificial intelligence techniques, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol: 38, No:10, 1103-1111, 2011.
  • 16 Yıldırım, M.S. Computer Assisted Design Methodology for Armoring Type Bridge Scour Countermeasures, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, ODTÜ, Ankara, 2013.
  • 17 Melville, B.W., ve Coleman, S.E. (2000). Bridge Scour, Water Resources Publications, LLC, Colorado, ABD, 2000.
  • 18 Laursen, E.M. Scour at Bridge Crossings, Bulletin No:8, Iowa Highway Research Board, Ames, Iowa, ABD, 1958.
  • 19 Laursen, E.M. An analysis of Relief Bridge Scour, Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 89(HY3), 93-118, 1963.
  • 20 Carstens, M.R. Similarity Laws for Localized Scour, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 92(HY3), 13-36, 1966.
  • 21 Hancu, S. Sur le Calcul des Affouillements Locaux Dans la Zone des Piles de Ponts, Proceedings 14 th IAHR Congress, 3: 299-313, 1971.
  • 22 Neill, C.R. Guide to Bridge Hydraulics, Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Kanada, 1973.
  • 23 Breusers, H.N.C., Nicollet, G., ve Shen, H.W. (1977). “Local Scour Around Cylindrical Piers”, Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, 15(3), 211-252.
  • 24 Jain, S.C., ve Fischer, E.E. Scour Around Bridge Piers at High Froude Numbers, Rapor No: F.H.W.A.R.D.:79-104, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C, ABD, 1979.
  • 25 Jain, S.C., ve Fischer, E.E. Scour Around Bridge Piers at High Flow Velocities, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 106(HY11), 1827-1842, 1980.
  • 26 Yanmaz, A. M. Time-Dependent Analysis of Clear Water Scour Around Bridge Piers, Doktora tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 1989.
  • 27 Yanmaz, A.M., ve Altinbilek, H.D. Study of Time-dependent Local Scour Around Bridge Piers, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 117(10):1247-1268, 1991.
  • 28 Yanmaz, A. M. Temporal Variation of Clear Water Scour at Cylindrical Bridge Piers, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 33, No: 8, 1098-1102, 2006.
  • 29 Yanmaz, A.M., ve Köse, Ö. A Semi-Empirical Model for Clear Water Scour Evolution at Bridge Abutments, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol.47, Issue 1, 110-118, 2009.
  • 30 Johnson, P.A. Reliability-based Pier Scour Engineering, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 118(10): 1344-1358, 1992.
  • 31 Melville, B.W. Pier and Abutment Scour: Integrated Approach, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 123(2), 125-136, 1997.
  • 32 Richardson, E.V. ve Davis, S.R. Evaluating Scour at Bridges, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No:18, Yayın No: FHWA NHI 01-001, FHWA, US. Dept. of Transportation, Washington, D.C., ABD, 2001.
  • Ghorbani, B. A Field Study of Scour at Bridge Piers in Flood Plain Rivers, Mühendislik ve Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, TÜBİTAK, 32, 189-199, 2008.
  • Yanmaz, A.M. ve Özdemir, E.C. A Feasibility Study on Bridge Scour Countermeasures, CD-ROM Proceedings World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, Salt Lake City, ABD, 2004.
  • Lagasse, P. F., Zevenbergen, L. W., Schall, J. D., ve Clopper, P. E. Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures - Experience, Selection, and Design Guidelines, Hydraulic Engineering Circular (HEC) No. 23, Second Edition. FHWA Report No. FHWA NHI 01-003. Washington, D.C., 2001.
  • Lagasse, P. F, Clopper, P. E., Zevenbergen, L. W., ve Girard L. G. Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour, NCHRP Report 593 Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2007.
  • Yanmaz, A.M., ve Apaydın, M. A Study on Bridge Scour Risk Assessment and Countermeasure Design, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, Vol. 26, No:4, 499-506, 2012.
  • Yanmaz, A.M., ve Çam, U.E. Bridge Scour Countermeasure Design: A Case Study, Proceedings of Tenth International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, 2012, Vol. 1, 2012.
  • Parker, G., Toro-Escobar, C., ve Voigt, R.L., Jr. Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour, Users Guide (revised1999) and Final Report, NCHRP Project 24-7, prepared for Transportation Research Board by St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, MN, 360 s, 1998.
  • Özdemir, C. E. A Feasibility Study on Bridge Scour Countermeasures, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2003.
  • Johnson, P. ve Niezgoda, S. Risk-Based Method for Selecting Bridge Scour Countermeasures, J. Hydraul. Eng., 130(2), 121–128, 2004.
  • Çam, U.E. Scour Countermeasure Design for Sequential Viaducts on Ankara-Pozantı Highway, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2012.
  • Richardson, E.V., Simons, D.B., ve Julian, P.Y. Highways in the River Environment, Design and Training Manual, FHWA, Washington, D.C., 1990.
  • Yanmaz, A.M., ve Coşkun, F. Hydrological Aspects of Bridge Design: Case Study, Journal of Irriation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 121(6), 411-418, 1995.
  • Önsoy, H. Doğu Karadeniz’de Kıyılara ve Dere Yataklarına Müdahaleler ve Beklenen Taşkınlar, Türkiye Mühendisilik Haberleri, Cilt 420 No: 4 145-147, 2002.
  • Ahmed W. Abdeldayem, Gamal H. Elsaeed, ve Ahmed A. Ghareeb. The Effect of Pile Group Arrangements on Local Scour Using Numerical Models, Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 201, 141-146, 2011.
  • Brunner, G. W. HEC-RAS River Analysis System User’s Manual Version 3.1, California: US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources, Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), 2002.
  • Chow, V.T. Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw- Hill, New York, 1959.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

M. Sinan Yıldırım This is me

A. Melih Yanmaz This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2014
Submission Date June 18, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 25 Issue: 122

Cite

APA Yıldırım, M. S., & Yanmaz, A. M. (2014). Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi, 25(122), 6757-6774.
AMA Yıldırım MS, Yanmaz AM. Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi. March 2014;25(122):6757-6774.
Chicago Yıldırım, M. Sinan, and A. Melih Yanmaz. “Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı”. Teknik Dergi 25, no. 122 (March 2014): 6757-74.
EndNote Yıldırım MS, Yanmaz AM (March 1, 2014) Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi 25 122 6757–6774.
IEEE M. S. Yıldırım and A. M. Yanmaz, “Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı”, Teknik Dergi, vol. 25, no. 122, pp. 6757–6774, 2014.
ISNAD Yıldırım, M. Sinan - Yanmaz, A. Melih. “Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı”. Teknik Dergi 25/122 (March 2014), 6757-6774.
JAMA Yıldırım MS, Yanmaz AM. Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi. 2014;25:6757–6774.
MLA Yıldırım, M. Sinan and A. Melih Yanmaz. “Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı”. Teknik Dergi, vol. 25, no. 122, 2014, pp. 6757-74.
Vancouver Yıldırım MS, Yanmaz AM. Köprü Ayakları Etrafındaki Koruyucu Kaplamanın Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı. Teknik Dergi. 2014;25(122):6757-74.