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Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated with Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 5, 12553 - 12576, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.880787

Abstract

This study investigates the response modification in a bridge seismically isolated with lead rubber bearings (LRBs), due to change of ambient temperature from 20oC to -30oC. Accordingly, a large-size LRB was tested after conditioned at corresponding temperatures and change in its hysteretic properties was noted. Use of analytical tool in modeling nonlinear response of the tested LRB was justified by comparing the experimentally and analytically obtained force-displacement curves. Then, verified analytical representation of LRB was employed in nonlinear response history analyses conducted to quantify the change in response of a representative LRB isolated bridge when subjected to bidirectional ground motion excitations at 20°C and -30°C. Analyses results are also employed to assess the use of property modification factor, , to change isolator properties in order to represent low temperature behavior. It is revealed that for the selected ground motion records, the average isolator force remains almost the same for both ambient temperatures. Moreover, using property modification factor will result in accurately estimated isolator displacements, but overestimated isolator forces, in an average sense.

Supporting Institution

Commission of Scientific Research Projects, Eskisehir Technical University.

Project Number

1505F460

References

  • Skinner, R.I., Robinson, W.H., McVerry, G.H., An Introduction to Seismic Isolation. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
  • Naeim, F., Kelly J., Design of Seismic Isolated Structures: From Theory to Practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
  • Kunde, M.C., Jangid, R.S., Seismic Behavior of Isolated Bridges: A-state-of-the-art review. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 3, 140–170, 2003.
  • Robinson, W.H., Lead Rubber Hysteretic Bearings Suitable for Protecting Structures During Earthquake. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 10(4), 593–604, 1982.
  • Nagarajaiah, S., Sun, X., Response of Base Isolated USC Hospital Building in Northridge Earthquake. Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE), 126(10), 1177-1186, 2000.
  • Roeder, C.W., Proposed Design Method for Thermal Bridge Movements. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 8(1), 12-19, 2003.
  • Constantinou, M.C., Whittaker, A.S., Kalpakidis, Y., Fenz, D.M., Warn, G.P., Performance of Seismic Isolation Hardware Under Service and Seismic Loading, Technical report, NY: MCEER=07-2012, Buffalo, 2007.
  • Benzoni, G., Casarotti, C., Effects of Vertical Load, Strain Rate and Cycling on The Response of Lead-Rubber Seismic Isolators. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 13(3), 293-312, 2009.
  • Erdoğdu, H., Çavdar, E., Özdemir, G., Türk Deprem Yönetmelikleri (DBYBHY ve TBDY) Spektrum Tanımlarının Deprem Yalıtım Sistemi Tasarımı Özelinde Karşılaştırılması. Teknik Dergi, 32(5), 2021.
  • Pinarbasi, S., Akyuz, U., Sismik İzolasyon ve Elastomerik Yastik Deneyleri. İMO Teknik Dergi, 237, 3581-3598, 2005.
  • Roeder, C.W., Stanto, J.F., Taylor A.W., Performance of Elastomeric Bearings (No. 298). Washington, DC: National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, 1987.
  • Ritchie, D.F., Neoprene Bridge Bearing Pads, Gaskets and Seals. Rubber World, Lippincott & Petto Inc. 200(2), 27–31, 1989.
  • Eyre, R., Stevenson, A., Performance of Elastomeric Bridge Bearings at Low Temperatures. Proceedings 3rd World Congress on Joint Sealing and Bearing Systems for Concrete Structures, 736-762. Toronto, Canada, 1991.
  • Yakut, A., Yura, J.A., Evaluation of Low-Temperature Test Methods for Elastomeric Bridge Bearings. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 7(1), 50-56, 2002(a).
  • Yakut, A., Yura. J.A., Parameters Influencing Performance of Elastomeric Bearings at Low Temperatures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 128(8), 986–994., 2002(b).
  • Fuller, K.N.G., Gough, J., Thomas, A.G., The Effect of Low-Temperature Crystallization on The Mechanical Behavior of Rubber. Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, 42(11), 2181-2190, 2004.
  • Cardone, D., Gesualdi, G., Nigro, D., Effects of Air Temperature on The Cyclic Behavior of Elastomeric Seismic Isolators. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 9(4), 1227–55, 2011.
  • Hasegawa, O., Shimoda, I., Ikenaga, M., Characteristic of Lead Rubber Bearing by Temperature. Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting Architectural Institute of Japan, B-2, Structures II, Structural Dynamics Nuclear Power Plants, Architectural Institute of Japan, pp: 511-512, 1997.
  • Cho, C.B, Kwahk, I.J., Kim, Y. J., An Experimental Study for The Shear Property and The Temperature Dependency of Seismic Isolation Bearings. Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea, 12(1), 67-77, 2008.
  • Park, J.Y., Jang, K.S., Lee, H.P., Lee, Y.H., Kim, H., Experimental Study on The Temperature Dependency of Full-Scale Low Hardness Lead Rubber Bearing. Journal of Computational Structural Engineering, 25(6), 533-540, 2012.
  • Billah, M., Todorov, B., Effects of Subfreezing Temperature on The Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearing Isolated Bridge. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 126, 1-13, 2019.
  • Deng, P., Gan, Z., Hayashikawa, T., Matsumoto, T., Seismic Response of Highway Viaducts Equipped with Lead-Rubber Bearings Under Low Temperature. Engineering Structures, 209:110008, 2019.
  • Kalpakidis, I.V., Constantinou, M.C., Whittaker, A.S., Modeling Strength Degradation in Lead–Rubber Bearings Under Earthquake Shaking. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 39(13), 1533–49, 2010.
  • Ozdemir, G., Avsar, O. Bayhan, B., Change in Response of Bridges Isolated with LRBs Due to Lead Core Heating. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31(7), 921-929, 2011.
  • Ozdemir, G., Dicleli, M., Effect of Lead Core Heating on The Seismic Performance of Bridges Isolated with LRB In Near-Fault Zones. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 41(14), 1989-2007, 2012.
  • Ozdemir, G., Lead Core Heating in LRBs Subjected to Bidirectional Ground Motion Excitations in Various Soil Types. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43(2), 267-285, 2014.
  • Kumar, M., Whittaker, A.S., Constantinou, M.C., An Advanced Numerical Model of Elastomeric Seismic Isolation Bearings. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43(13), 1955–1974, 2014.
  • Ozdemir, G., Bayhan, B., Gulkan, P., Variations in The Hysteretic Behavior of LRBs as a Function of Applied Loading. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 67(1), 69-78, 2018.
  • Wang, H., Zheng, W.Z., Li, J., Gao, Y.Q., Effects of Temperature and Lead Core Heating on Response of Seismically Isolated Bridges Under Near-Fault Excitations. Advances in Structural Engineering, 22(14), 2966-2981, 2019.
  • Kalpakidis, I.V., Constantinou, M.C., Effects of Heating on The Behavior of Lead-Rubber Bearings. I: Theory. Journal of Structural Engineering, 135(12), 1440–1449, 2009a.
  • Kalpakidis, I.V., Constantinou, M.C., Effects of Heating on The Behavior of Lead-Rubber Bearings. II: Verification of Theory. Journal of Structural Engineering, 135(12), 1450–1461, 2009b.
  • Li, J., Ye, K., Jiang, Y.C., Thermal Effect on The Mechanical Behavior of Lead-Rubber Bearing. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Urban Science, 138(7), 867-876, 2009.
  • Guay, L.P. and Bouaanani, N., Assessment of low temperature exposure for design and evaluation of elastomeric bridge bearings and seismic isolators in Canada. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 43(9), 851-863, 2016.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO 22762-1:2005: Elastomeric seismic-protection isolators – Part 1: Test methods, 2005.
  • OpenSees, Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation; Version: 2.1.0, University of California, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, California, 2001.
  • Berger/Abam Engineers, Inc. Federal Highway Administration Seismic Design Course, Design Example No.4, 1996. https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/PB97142111.xhtml
  • Warn, G.P., Whittaker, A.S., Performance Estimates in Seismically Isolated Bridge Structures. Engineering Structures, 26(9), 1261–78, 2004.
  • Dicleli, M., Performance of Seismic-Isolated Bridges in Relation to Near-Fault Ground-Motion and Isolator Characteristics. Earthquake Spectra, 22(4), 887-907, 2006.
  • Avşar, O., Ozdemir, G., Response of Seismic-Isolated Bridges in Relation to Intensity Measures of Ordinary and Pulselike Ground Motions. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 18(3), 250-260, 2013.
  • Park, Y.J., Wen, Y.K., Ang, A.H., Random Vibration of Hysteretic Systems Under Bi-Directional Ground Motions. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 14(4), 543-557, 1986.
  • Mokha, A.S., Constantinou, M.C., Reinhorn, A.M., Verification of Friction Model of Teflon Bearings Under Triaxial Load. Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE), 119(1), 240-261, 1993.
  • Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center. Strong motion data base, 2012. Available from https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/
  • QuakeManager, A software framework for ground motion record management selection, analysis and modification; Version:1.80. https://www.eqsols.com/QuakeManager.html
  • Warn, G.P., Whittaker, A.S., Property Modification Factors for Seismically Isolated Bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 11(3), 371-377, 2006.
  • Imai, T., Satoh, T., Nishimura, T., Tanaka, H., Mitamura, H., The Performance Evaluations of Rubber Bearings for Bridges in Cold Districts. Proceeding of Hokkaido Chapter of JSCE, p. A-18, 2008.

Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated with Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 5, 12553 - 12576, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.880787

Abstract

This study investigates the response modification in a bridge seismically isolated with lead rubber bearings (LRBs), due to change of ambient temperature from 20oC to -30oC. Accordingly, a large-size LRB was tested after conditioned at corresponding temperatures and change in its hysteretic properties was noted. Use of analytical tool in modeling nonlinear response of the tested LRB was justified by comparing the experimentally and analytically obtained force-displacement curves. Then, verified analytical representation of LRB was employed in nonlinear response history analyses conducted to quantify the change in response of a representative LRB isolated bridge when subjected to bidirectional ground motion excitations at 20°C and -30°C. Analyses results are also employed to assess the use of property modification factor, , to change isolator properties in order to represent low temperature behavior. It is revealed that for the selected ground motion records, the average isolator force remains almost the same for both ambient temperatures. Moreover, using property modification factor will result in accurately estimated isolator displacements, but overestimated isolator forces, in an average sense.

Project Number

1505F460

References

  • Skinner, R.I., Robinson, W.H., McVerry, G.H., An Introduction to Seismic Isolation. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
  • Naeim, F., Kelly J., Design of Seismic Isolated Structures: From Theory to Practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
  • Kunde, M.C., Jangid, R.S., Seismic Behavior of Isolated Bridges: A-state-of-the-art review. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 3, 140–170, 2003.
  • Robinson, W.H., Lead Rubber Hysteretic Bearings Suitable for Protecting Structures During Earthquake. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 10(4), 593–604, 1982.
  • Nagarajaiah, S., Sun, X., Response of Base Isolated USC Hospital Building in Northridge Earthquake. Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE), 126(10), 1177-1186, 2000.
  • Roeder, C.W., Proposed Design Method for Thermal Bridge Movements. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 8(1), 12-19, 2003.
  • Constantinou, M.C., Whittaker, A.S., Kalpakidis, Y., Fenz, D.M., Warn, G.P., Performance of Seismic Isolation Hardware Under Service and Seismic Loading, Technical report, NY: MCEER=07-2012, Buffalo, 2007.
  • Benzoni, G., Casarotti, C., Effects of Vertical Load, Strain Rate and Cycling on The Response of Lead-Rubber Seismic Isolators. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 13(3), 293-312, 2009.
  • Erdoğdu, H., Çavdar, E., Özdemir, G., Türk Deprem Yönetmelikleri (DBYBHY ve TBDY) Spektrum Tanımlarının Deprem Yalıtım Sistemi Tasarımı Özelinde Karşılaştırılması. Teknik Dergi, 32(5), 2021.
  • Pinarbasi, S., Akyuz, U., Sismik İzolasyon ve Elastomerik Yastik Deneyleri. İMO Teknik Dergi, 237, 3581-3598, 2005.
  • Roeder, C.W., Stanto, J.F., Taylor A.W., Performance of Elastomeric Bearings (No. 298). Washington, DC: National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, 1987.
  • Ritchie, D.F., Neoprene Bridge Bearing Pads, Gaskets and Seals. Rubber World, Lippincott & Petto Inc. 200(2), 27–31, 1989.
  • Eyre, R., Stevenson, A., Performance of Elastomeric Bridge Bearings at Low Temperatures. Proceedings 3rd World Congress on Joint Sealing and Bearing Systems for Concrete Structures, 736-762. Toronto, Canada, 1991.
  • Yakut, A., Yura, J.A., Evaluation of Low-Temperature Test Methods for Elastomeric Bridge Bearings. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 7(1), 50-56, 2002(a).
  • Yakut, A., Yura. J.A., Parameters Influencing Performance of Elastomeric Bearings at Low Temperatures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 128(8), 986–994., 2002(b).
  • Fuller, K.N.G., Gough, J., Thomas, A.G., The Effect of Low-Temperature Crystallization on The Mechanical Behavior of Rubber. Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, 42(11), 2181-2190, 2004.
  • Cardone, D., Gesualdi, G., Nigro, D., Effects of Air Temperature on The Cyclic Behavior of Elastomeric Seismic Isolators. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 9(4), 1227–55, 2011.
  • Hasegawa, O., Shimoda, I., Ikenaga, M., Characteristic of Lead Rubber Bearing by Temperature. Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting Architectural Institute of Japan, B-2, Structures II, Structural Dynamics Nuclear Power Plants, Architectural Institute of Japan, pp: 511-512, 1997.
  • Cho, C.B, Kwahk, I.J., Kim, Y. J., An Experimental Study for The Shear Property and The Temperature Dependency of Seismic Isolation Bearings. Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea, 12(1), 67-77, 2008.
  • Park, J.Y., Jang, K.S., Lee, H.P., Lee, Y.H., Kim, H., Experimental Study on The Temperature Dependency of Full-Scale Low Hardness Lead Rubber Bearing. Journal of Computational Structural Engineering, 25(6), 533-540, 2012.
  • Billah, M., Todorov, B., Effects of Subfreezing Temperature on The Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearing Isolated Bridge. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 126, 1-13, 2019.
  • Deng, P., Gan, Z., Hayashikawa, T., Matsumoto, T., Seismic Response of Highway Viaducts Equipped with Lead-Rubber Bearings Under Low Temperature. Engineering Structures, 209:110008, 2019.
  • Kalpakidis, I.V., Constantinou, M.C., Whittaker, A.S., Modeling Strength Degradation in Lead–Rubber Bearings Under Earthquake Shaking. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 39(13), 1533–49, 2010.
  • Ozdemir, G., Avsar, O. Bayhan, B., Change in Response of Bridges Isolated with LRBs Due to Lead Core Heating. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31(7), 921-929, 2011.
  • Ozdemir, G., Dicleli, M., Effect of Lead Core Heating on The Seismic Performance of Bridges Isolated with LRB In Near-Fault Zones. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 41(14), 1989-2007, 2012.
  • Ozdemir, G., Lead Core Heating in LRBs Subjected to Bidirectional Ground Motion Excitations in Various Soil Types. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43(2), 267-285, 2014.
  • Kumar, M., Whittaker, A.S., Constantinou, M.C., An Advanced Numerical Model of Elastomeric Seismic Isolation Bearings. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43(13), 1955–1974, 2014.
  • Ozdemir, G., Bayhan, B., Gulkan, P., Variations in The Hysteretic Behavior of LRBs as a Function of Applied Loading. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 67(1), 69-78, 2018.
  • Wang, H., Zheng, W.Z., Li, J., Gao, Y.Q., Effects of Temperature and Lead Core Heating on Response of Seismically Isolated Bridges Under Near-Fault Excitations. Advances in Structural Engineering, 22(14), 2966-2981, 2019.
  • Kalpakidis, I.V., Constantinou, M.C., Effects of Heating on The Behavior of Lead-Rubber Bearings. I: Theory. Journal of Structural Engineering, 135(12), 1440–1449, 2009a.
  • Kalpakidis, I.V., Constantinou, M.C., Effects of Heating on The Behavior of Lead-Rubber Bearings. II: Verification of Theory. Journal of Structural Engineering, 135(12), 1450–1461, 2009b.
  • Li, J., Ye, K., Jiang, Y.C., Thermal Effect on The Mechanical Behavior of Lead-Rubber Bearing. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Urban Science, 138(7), 867-876, 2009.
  • Guay, L.P. and Bouaanani, N., Assessment of low temperature exposure for design and evaluation of elastomeric bridge bearings and seismic isolators in Canada. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 43(9), 851-863, 2016.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO 22762-1:2005: Elastomeric seismic-protection isolators – Part 1: Test methods, 2005.
  • OpenSees, Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation; Version: 2.1.0, University of California, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, California, 2001.
  • Berger/Abam Engineers, Inc. Federal Highway Administration Seismic Design Course, Design Example No.4, 1996. https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/PB97142111.xhtml
  • Warn, G.P., Whittaker, A.S., Performance Estimates in Seismically Isolated Bridge Structures. Engineering Structures, 26(9), 1261–78, 2004.
  • Dicleli, M., Performance of Seismic-Isolated Bridges in Relation to Near-Fault Ground-Motion and Isolator Characteristics. Earthquake Spectra, 22(4), 887-907, 2006.
  • Avşar, O., Ozdemir, G., Response of Seismic-Isolated Bridges in Relation to Intensity Measures of Ordinary and Pulselike Ground Motions. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 18(3), 250-260, 2013.
  • Park, Y.J., Wen, Y.K., Ang, A.H., Random Vibration of Hysteretic Systems Under Bi-Directional Ground Motions. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 14(4), 543-557, 1986.
  • Mokha, A.S., Constantinou, M.C., Reinhorn, A.M., Verification of Friction Model of Teflon Bearings Under Triaxial Load. Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE), 119(1), 240-261, 1993.
  • Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center. Strong motion data base, 2012. Available from https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/
  • QuakeManager, A software framework for ground motion record management selection, analysis and modification; Version:1.80. https://www.eqsols.com/QuakeManager.html
  • Warn, G.P., Whittaker, A.S., Property Modification Factors for Seismically Isolated Bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 11(3), 371-377, 2006.
  • Imai, T., Satoh, T., Nishimura, T., Tanaka, H., Mitamura, H., The Performance Evaluations of Rubber Bearings for Bridges in Cold Districts. Proceeding of Hokkaido Chapter of JSCE, p. A-18, 2008.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Esengül Çavdar 0000-0003-1497-0908

Gökhan Özdemir 0000-0002-2962-2327

Volkan Karuk 0000-0002-6782-7972

Project Number 1505F460
Publication Date September 1, 2022
Submission Date February 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 33 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Çavdar, E., Özdemir, G., & Karuk, V. (2022). Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated with Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature. Teknik Dergi, 33(5), 12553-12576. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.880787
AMA Çavdar E, Özdemir G, Karuk V. Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated with Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature. Teknik Dergi. September 2022;33(5):12553-12576. doi:10.18400/tekderg.880787
Chicago Çavdar, Esengül, Gökhan Özdemir, and Volkan Karuk. “Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated With Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature”. Teknik Dergi 33, no. 5 (September 2022): 12553-76. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.880787.
EndNote Çavdar E, Özdemir G, Karuk V (September 1, 2022) Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated with Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature. Teknik Dergi 33 5 12553–12576.
IEEE E. Çavdar, G. Özdemir, and V. Karuk, “Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated with Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature”, Teknik Dergi, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 12553–12576, 2022, doi: 10.18400/tekderg.880787.
ISNAD Çavdar, Esengül et al. “Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated With Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature”. Teknik Dergi 33/5 (September 2022), 12553-12576. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.880787.
JAMA Çavdar E, Özdemir G, Karuk V. Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated with Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature. Teknik Dergi. 2022;33:12553–12576.
MLA Çavdar, Esengül et al. “Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated With Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature”. Teknik Dergi, vol. 33, no. 5, 2022, pp. 12553-76, doi:10.18400/tekderg.880787.
Vancouver Çavdar E, Özdemir G, Karuk V. Modification in Response of a Bridge Seismically Isolated with Lead Rubber Bearings Exposed to Low Temperature. Teknik Dergi. 2022;33(5):12553-76.