Terry and Single Jersey Fabrics Knitted with Porous Yarns for Enhanced Sock Performance

Tuba Bedez Ute; Pınar Çelik; Matejka Bizjak

Research Article

Terry and Single Jersey Fabrics Knitted with Porous Yarns for Enhanced Sock Performance

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 1, 41 - 53

Tuba Bedez Ute , Pınar Çelik , Matejka Bizjak

Abstract

Manufacturers are trying to improve product specifications as current developments in textile engineering and consumer expectations increase. In this context, studies on natural fibres in terms of sustainability and synthetic fibres in terms of product performance have increased. The materials and production methods for manufacturing hollow yarns, which improve product properties by reducing the density in the internal structure of the yarns, are attracting attention in this context. This study investigates the effects of raw material and yarn structure on the properties of yarns and fabrics. Core-spun yarns were produced in a ring-spinning system to obtain hollow structures for the design of sock fabrics. Environmentally friendly polymer-based soluble filament yarns were used instead of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the core and cotton and blends of bamboo/cotton and cotton/viscose as the sheath material. After the fabric was produced, yarns with different packing densities were obtained by removing the core material. Some fabric properties, especially water absorbency, the main reason for producing socks with yarns having different packing densities, were evaluated by capillary rise and moisture management tests. The bursting strength of terry fabrics was not affected by LPD yarns in the fabric, while air permeability and hydrophilicity were positively affected. Therefore, a loose and porous yarn structure improves the properties of the terry fabrics, especially for socks.

Keywords

Core spun, water absorption, moisture management, air permeability, socks, yarn structure, porous structure.

References

1. Li, Y., Zhu, Q., Yeung, K.W. 2002. Influence of Thickness and Porosity on Coupled Heat and Liquid Moisture Transfer in Porous Textiles. Textile Research Journal, 72 (5), 435-446.
2. Li, Y., Zhu, Q. 2003. Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transfer with Moisture Sorption, Condensation and Capillary Liquid Diffusion in Porous Textiles. Textile Research Journal, 73(6), 515-524.
3. Perwuelz, A., Casetta, M., Caze, C. 2001. Liquid organization during capillary rise in yarns-influence of yarn torsion, Polymer Testing, Vol. 20(5), 553-561.
4. Doakhan, S., Hosseini, R.S., Gharah,A.A., Mortazavi, S.M. 2007. Capillary rise in core-spun yarn. Iranian Polymer Journal.16 (6), 397-408.
5. Ramkumar, S.S., Purushothaman, A., Hake, K.D., McAlister, D.A. 2007. Relationship between Cotton Varieties and Moisture Vapor Transport of Knitted Fabrics. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabric, 2 (4), 10-18.
6. Dai, X.Q., Imamura, R., Liu, G.L., Zhou, F.P. 2008. Effect of Moisture Transport on Microclimate Under T-shirts. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104 (2), 337-340.
7. Hu, J., Li, Y., Yeung, K.W., Wong, A.S.W., Xu, W. 2005.Moisture Management Tester: A Method to Characterize Fabric Liquid Moisture Management Properties. Textile Research Journal, Vol. 75 (1), 57-62.
8. Ozdil, N., Supuren, G., Ozcelik, Pruchova G.J.A. 2009. A study on the moisture transport properties of the cotton knitted fabrics in single jersey structure. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, Vol. 19 (3), 218-223.
9. Öner, E., Atasağun,H.G., Okur, A., Beden, A.R., Durur, G. 2013. Evaluation of moisture management properties on knitted fabrics. The Journal of The Textile Institute, Vol. 104 (7), 699-707, DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2012.752895
10. Baltušnikaitė, J., Abraitienė, A., Stygienė, L., Krauledas, S., Rubežienė, V., Varnaitė-Žuravliova, S. 2014. Investigation of moisture transport properties of knitted materials intended for warm underwear. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe,22 (4) (106). 93–100.
11. Chen, Q., Tang, K.M., Ma, P., Jiang, G. 2016. Evaluation of water absorption and transport properties of weft knitted polyester fabrics by spontaneous uptake water transport tester and conventional test methods. Fibers and Polymers, 17 (8), 1287–1295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-016-6454-3.
12. Mukhopadhyay, A., Ishtiaque, S.M., Uttarn, D. 2011. Impact of structural variations in hollow yarn on heat and moisture transport properties of fabrics. The Journal of The Textile Institute, Vol. 102 (8), 700-712.
13. Chandrasekaran, V., Senthilkumar, P., Sakthivel, J.C. 2018. Study on moisture management properties of micro-pore ring-spun viscose yarn-plated knitted fabrics. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 109(11), 1458–1464, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2018.1423884
14. Ozdil, N. 2008. A Study on Thermal Comfort Properties of the Socks. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, Volume 2 154-158.
15. Vasanth Kumar D., Raja D. 2021. Study of thermal comfort properties on socks made from recycled polyester/virgin cotton and its blends, Fibers and Polymers. 22. 841-846.
16. Cimilli S., Uyar Nergis B., et al. 2009. A Comparative Study of Some Comfort-related Properties of Socks of Different Fiber Types, Textile Research Journal, 80 (10). 948-957.
17. Čiukas R., Abramavičiūtė J. 2010. Investigation of the Air Permeability of Socks Knitted from Yarns with Peculiar Properties, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol. 18, 1 (78). 84-88.
18. Demiroz Gun A., Alan G. Sevkan Macit, G. A.2016. Thermal properties of socks made from reclaimed fibre, The Journal of the Textile Institute, 107(9). 1112-1121.
19. Morgil, Y. 2015. Thermal Comfort Properties of Terry Knitting Socks. 2015. Master of Science Thesis, Science Engineering and Technology Institute, Istanbul Technical University. Istanbul, Türkiye.
20. Anas M.S., Abaas A., et al.. 2023. A study on the effect of material type, structure tightness and finishing process on the physical and thermo-physiological properties of sandwich terry socks for winter wear, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 18: 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250231153398
21. Abbas A., Anas M.S., Azam Z. 2023. In vitro experimental study on effect of fiber denier, yarn doubling, and specialty treatments on physical and thermal behaviors of knitted sports socks, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 18: 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250221148917
22. Khalil A., Hussain T., Ahmad N., Jamsaid H. 2024. Multi-criteria optimization of sports compression socks using Taguchi-VIKOR statistical approach, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 19: 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250241248762
23. Cimilli Duru S., Candan C. 2019. Chapter 23: Some Comfort Properties of Terry Knitted Fabrics Made From Cotton/Polyester Blend, Engineering Research Papers, Editors: A. Gunday, E. Pehlivan, M.R. Minaz, Gece Publishing. 409-422. ISBN 978-625-7958-55-4.
24. Karahan M., Eren R. 2006. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Fabric Construction on Static Water Absorption in Terry Fabrics. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 14 (2) 59-63.
25. Karahan M. 2007. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Fabric Construction on Dynamic Water Absorption in Terry Fabrics. Fibres&Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol. 15 (3) (62) 74-80.
26. Durur G. Oner E. 2013. The Comfort Properties of the Terry Towels Made of Cotton and Polypropylene Yarns, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 8 (2) https://journals.sagepub.com /doi/pdf/10.1177/155892501300800201.
27. Vuruşkan D., Babaarslan O., Ilhan I. 2013. Modification of Ring Spinning Machine for Producing Core Yarn Containing Elastane, Tekstil ve Mühendis, 20 (89) 1-10. DOI: 10.7216/ 130075992013208901
28. Nergis B. U. 2007. Influence of core yarn properties on pile loss in chenille plain knitted fabrics, Textile Research Journal, Vol. 73(12), pp. 1052-1056, DOI:10.1177/004051750307301204
29. Sarıoğlu E., Babaarslan O. Ertek Avcı, M. 2018. Effect of Filament Fineness on Composite Yarn Residual Torque, Autex Research Journal, 18 (1). 7-12.
30. Alasehirli G. 2009. An investigation of hollow yarn manufacturing techniques on ring spinning machine and evaluation of yarn properties, Süleyman Demirel University Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences.
31. Celeb G., Dayik M. 2009. Hollow yarns and production methods, Electronic Journal of Textile Technologies, 3 (2). 50-57.
32. Pourahmad A., Johari M.S. 2011. Comparison of the properties of Ring, Solo, and Siro core-spun yarns, Journal of the Textile Institute, 102 (6) 540-547.
33. Ishtiaque S.M., Das A., Singh R.P. 2008. Packing of micro-porous yarns: Part I. Optimization of yarn characteristics, The Journal of the Textile Institute, 99 (2). 147-155.
34. Merati A.A., Okamura M. 2000. Hollow Yarn in Friction Spinning Part I: Tensile Properties of Hollow Yarn, Textile Research Journal, 70(12). 1070-1076.
35. Merati A.A., Okamura M. 2001. Hollow yarn in friction spinning. Part II: Yarn structure and deformation under axial tension and lateral forces, Textile Research Journal, 71(5). 454-458.
36. Merati A.A., Okamura M. 2003. Limits of Hollow Yarn in Friction Spinning. Textile Research Journal, 73 (6). 496-502.
37. Ma H.Y., Xia Z.P. 2006. Relationships between Different Preparations of Cotton Hollow Yarn and Water Soluble PVA Extraction, Journal of Donghua University (Eng. Ed.), 23(3).
38. Uttam D., Mukhopadhyay A., Ishtiaque S.M. 2013. Modelling to predict thermophysiological properties of hollow/microporous yarn fabrics. Journal of the Textile Institute. 104(4). 407-413.
39. Aytac I., Gurkan Unal P. 2018. The effect of core-sheath proportion on the characteristics of hollow yarns: part I mechanical properties. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 109 (7). 967-974, DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2017.1394156.
40. Aytac I., Gurkan Unal P. 2018. The effect of core-sheath proportion on the characteristics of fabrics produced with hollow yarns: part II comfort and mechanical properties, The Journal of The Textile Institute. 109 (7). 975-982. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2017.1394783.
41. Celep G., Yuksekkaya M.E. 2017. Comparison of thermal comfort properties of single jersey fabrics produced by hollow yarns with different hollowness ratio. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 108 (2). 165-171. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2016.1160763.
42. Gurkan Unal P., Ureyen M.E. 2017. Permeability properties of single jersey fabrics made of hollow yarns. The Journal of the Textile Institute. Vol. 108 (11).1957-1965. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2017.1302634.
43. Andrysiak J., Sikorski K., Wilk E., Matusiak M. 2014. Investigation of an innovative “Cotton Hollow” yarn. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 22, 5 (107). 33-37.
44. Senthilkumar P. 2018. Comfort characteristics of cotton hollow yarn knitted fabrics: Part 3-Structural properties. Man-Made Textiles in India. 46(5).
45. Gungor Turkmen B., Celik P., Sehit H., Bedez Ute T. 2023. The effects of hollow yarn and fabric structure on permeability and moisture management properties of woven fabrics, The Journal of The Textile Institute. April. DOI:10.1080/00405000.2023.2201109.
46. Gungor Turkmen B., Celik P., Sehit H., Bedez Ute T. 2023. Investigation of the effects of hollow yarn structure and woven fabric construction on fabric performance: mechanical properties. The Journal of The Textile Institute. April. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2023.2196044.
47. Das A., Ishtiaque S.M. Singh, R. P.2009. Packing of micro-porous yarns. Part II: Optimization of fabric characteristics. Journal of the Textile Institute. 100 (3). 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000701559917
48. Ala D.M. 2021. An Experimental Study on Selected Performance Properties of 100% Cotton Terry Fabrics Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon. 31 (1). 43-52.
49. Turan R. B., Okur, A. 2008. Air Permeability of Fabrics. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 15 (72). 16-25.
50. Benltoufa S., Fayala F., Ben Nasrallah S.2008. Capillary rise in macro and micro pores of jersey knitting structure. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 3(3). 155892500800300305.
51. Y. Li, W. Xu, K.W. Yeung, Moisture Management of Textiles, 2000, U.S. patent 6,499,338 B2.
52. Balci Kiliç, G. 2022. A Comparative Investigation of Transfer, Permeability and Porosity Properties of Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 29:128. 238-248.
53. Büyükakıncı, B. Y. 2010. Investigation of the internal structure of regenerated bamboo fiber. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon. 20(4). 277-283.
54. Moghassem A.R., Gharehaghaji A.A. 2009. Redistribution of fibers in the structure of hollow ring yarns. International Journal of Engineering Transactions B: Applications. 22 (2). 197-204.
55. M.Kayri, The Multiple Comparison (Post-Hoc) Techniques to Determine the Difference Between Groups in Researches, Fırat University Journal of Social Science, (2009) 19 (1): 51-64
56. Hussain, U., Bin YounisF., et al.2015. Comfort and Mechanical Properties of Polyester/Bamboo and Polyester/Cotton Blended Knitted Fabric, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 10(2):61-69.
57. Erdumlu, N., Ozipek, B. 2008. Investigation of regenerated bamboo fibre and yarn characteristics. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 16(4), 69.
58. Ahmad, I., Farooq, A., Baig, S. A., Rashid, M. F. 2012. Quality parameters analysis of ring spun yarns made from different blends of bamboo and cotton fibres. Journal of Quality and Technology management. (1), 1-12.

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 1, 41 - 53

Tuba Bedez Ute , Pınar Çelik , Matejka Bizjak

Abstract

References

1. Li, Y., Zhu, Q., Yeung, K.W. 2002. Influence of Thickness and Porosity on Coupled Heat and Liquid Moisture Transfer in Porous Textiles. Textile Research Journal, 72 (5), 435-446.
2. Li, Y., Zhu, Q. 2003. Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transfer with Moisture Sorption, Condensation and Capillary Liquid Diffusion in Porous Textiles. Textile Research Journal, 73(6), 515-524.
3. Perwuelz, A., Casetta, M., Caze, C. 2001. Liquid organization during capillary rise in yarns-influence of yarn torsion, Polymer Testing, Vol. 20(5), 553-561.
4. Doakhan, S., Hosseini, R.S., Gharah,A.A., Mortazavi, S.M. 2007. Capillary rise in core-spun yarn. Iranian Polymer Journal.16 (6), 397-408.
5. Ramkumar, S.S., Purushothaman, A., Hake, K.D., McAlister, D.A. 2007. Relationship between Cotton Varieties and Moisture Vapor Transport of Knitted Fabrics. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabric, 2 (4), 10-18.
6. Dai, X.Q., Imamura, R., Liu, G.L., Zhou, F.P. 2008. Effect of Moisture Transport on Microclimate Under T-shirts. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104 (2), 337-340.
7. Hu, J., Li, Y., Yeung, K.W., Wong, A.S.W., Xu, W. 2005.Moisture Management Tester: A Method to Characterize Fabric Liquid Moisture Management Properties. Textile Research Journal, Vol. 75 (1), 57-62.
8. Ozdil, N., Supuren, G., Ozcelik, Pruchova G.J.A. 2009. A study on the moisture transport properties of the cotton knitted fabrics in single jersey structure. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, Vol. 19 (3), 218-223.
9. Öner, E., Atasağun,H.G., Okur, A., Beden, A.R., Durur, G. 2013. Evaluation of moisture management properties on knitted fabrics. The Journal of The Textile Institute, Vol. 104 (7), 699-707, DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2012.752895
10. Baltušnikaitė, J., Abraitienė, A., Stygienė, L., Krauledas, S., Rubežienė, V., Varnaitė-Žuravliova, S. 2014. Investigation of moisture transport properties of knitted materials intended for warm underwear. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe,22 (4) (106). 93–100.
11. Chen, Q., Tang, K.M., Ma, P., Jiang, G. 2016. Evaluation of water absorption and transport properties of weft knitted polyester fabrics by spontaneous uptake water transport tester and conventional test methods. Fibers and Polymers, 17 (8), 1287–1295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-016-6454-3.
12. Mukhopadhyay, A., Ishtiaque, S.M., Uttarn, D. 2011. Impact of structural variations in hollow yarn on heat and moisture transport properties of fabrics. The Journal of The Textile Institute, Vol. 102 (8), 700-712.
13. Chandrasekaran, V., Senthilkumar, P., Sakthivel, J.C. 2018. Study on moisture management properties of micro-pore ring-spun viscose yarn-plated knitted fabrics. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 109(11), 1458–1464, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2018.1423884
14. Ozdil, N. 2008. A Study on Thermal Comfort Properties of the Socks. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, Volume 2 154-158.
15. Vasanth Kumar D., Raja D. 2021. Study of thermal comfort properties on socks made from recycled polyester/virgin cotton and its blends, Fibers and Polymers. 22. 841-846.
16. Cimilli S., Uyar Nergis B., et al. 2009. A Comparative Study of Some Comfort-related Properties of Socks of Different Fiber Types, Textile Research Journal, 80 (10). 948-957.
17. Čiukas R., Abramavičiūtė J. 2010. Investigation of the Air Permeability of Socks Knitted from Yarns with Peculiar Properties, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol. 18, 1 (78). 84-88.
18. Demiroz Gun A., Alan G. Sevkan Macit, G. A.2016. Thermal properties of socks made from reclaimed fibre, The Journal of the Textile Institute, 107(9). 1112-1121.
19. Morgil, Y. 2015. Thermal Comfort Properties of Terry Knitting Socks. 2015. Master of Science Thesis, Science Engineering and Technology Institute, Istanbul Technical University. Istanbul, Türkiye.
20. Anas M.S., Abaas A., et al.. 2023. A study on the effect of material type, structure tightness and finishing process on the physical and thermo-physiological properties of sandwich terry socks for winter wear, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 18: 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250231153398
21. Abbas A., Anas M.S., Azam Z. 2023. In vitro experimental study on effect of fiber denier, yarn doubling, and specialty treatments on physical and thermal behaviors of knitted sports socks, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 18: 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250221148917
22. Khalil A., Hussain T., Ahmad N., Jamsaid H. 2024. Multi-criteria optimization of sports compression socks using Taguchi-VIKOR statistical approach, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 19: 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250241248762
23. Cimilli Duru S., Candan C. 2019. Chapter 23: Some Comfort Properties of Terry Knitted Fabrics Made From Cotton/Polyester Blend, Engineering Research Papers, Editors: A. Gunday, E. Pehlivan, M.R. Minaz, Gece Publishing. 409-422. ISBN 978-625-7958-55-4.
24. Karahan M., Eren R. 2006. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Fabric Construction on Static Water Absorption in Terry Fabrics. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 14 (2) 59-63.
25. Karahan M. 2007. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Fabric Construction on Dynamic Water Absorption in Terry Fabrics. Fibres&Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol. 15 (3) (62) 74-80.
26. Durur G. Oner E. 2013. The Comfort Properties of the Terry Towels Made of Cotton and Polypropylene Yarns, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 8 (2) https://journals.sagepub.com /doi/pdf/10.1177/155892501300800201.
27. Vuruşkan D., Babaarslan O., Ilhan I. 2013. Modification of Ring Spinning Machine for Producing Core Yarn Containing Elastane, Tekstil ve Mühendis, 20 (89) 1-10. DOI: 10.7216/ 130075992013208901
28. Nergis B. U. 2007. Influence of core yarn properties on pile loss in chenille plain knitted fabrics, Textile Research Journal, Vol. 73(12), pp. 1052-1056, DOI:10.1177/004051750307301204
29. Sarıoğlu E., Babaarslan O. Ertek Avcı, M. 2018. Effect of Filament Fineness on Composite Yarn Residual Torque, Autex Research Journal, 18 (1). 7-12.
30. Alasehirli G. 2009. An investigation of hollow yarn manufacturing techniques on ring spinning machine and evaluation of yarn properties, Süleyman Demirel University Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences.
31. Celeb G., Dayik M. 2009. Hollow yarns and production methods, Electronic Journal of Textile Technologies, 3 (2). 50-57.
32. Pourahmad A., Johari M.S. 2011. Comparison of the properties of Ring, Solo, and Siro core-spun yarns, Journal of the Textile Institute, 102 (6) 540-547.
33. Ishtiaque S.M., Das A., Singh R.P. 2008. Packing of micro-porous yarns: Part I. Optimization of yarn characteristics, The Journal of the Textile Institute, 99 (2). 147-155.
34. Merati A.A., Okamura M. 2000. Hollow Yarn in Friction Spinning Part I: Tensile Properties of Hollow Yarn, Textile Research Journal, 70(12). 1070-1076.
35. Merati A.A., Okamura M. 2001. Hollow yarn in friction spinning. Part II: Yarn structure and deformation under axial tension and lateral forces, Textile Research Journal, 71(5). 454-458.
36. Merati A.A., Okamura M. 2003. Limits of Hollow Yarn in Friction Spinning. Textile Research Journal, 73 (6). 496-502.
37. Ma H.Y., Xia Z.P. 2006. Relationships between Different Preparations of Cotton Hollow Yarn and Water Soluble PVA Extraction, Journal of Donghua University (Eng. Ed.), 23(3).
38. Uttam D., Mukhopadhyay A., Ishtiaque S.M. 2013. Modelling to predict thermophysiological properties of hollow/microporous yarn fabrics. Journal of the Textile Institute. 104(4). 407-413.
39. Aytac I., Gurkan Unal P. 2018. The effect of core-sheath proportion on the characteristics of hollow yarns: part I mechanical properties. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 109 (7). 967-974, DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2017.1394156.
40. Aytac I., Gurkan Unal P. 2018. The effect of core-sheath proportion on the characteristics of fabrics produced with hollow yarns: part II comfort and mechanical properties, The Journal of The Textile Institute. 109 (7). 975-982. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2017.1394783.
41. Celep G., Yuksekkaya M.E. 2017. Comparison of thermal comfort properties of single jersey fabrics produced by hollow yarns with different hollowness ratio. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 108 (2). 165-171. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2016.1160763.
42. Gurkan Unal P., Ureyen M.E. 2017. Permeability properties of single jersey fabrics made of hollow yarns. The Journal of the Textile Institute. Vol. 108 (11).1957-1965. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2017.1302634.
43. Andrysiak J., Sikorski K., Wilk E., Matusiak M. 2014. Investigation of an innovative “Cotton Hollow” yarn. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 22, 5 (107). 33-37.
44. Senthilkumar P. 2018. Comfort characteristics of cotton hollow yarn knitted fabrics: Part 3-Structural properties. Man-Made Textiles in India. 46(5).
45. Gungor Turkmen B., Celik P., Sehit H., Bedez Ute T. 2023. The effects of hollow yarn and fabric structure on permeability and moisture management properties of woven fabrics, The Journal of The Textile Institute. April. DOI:10.1080/00405000.2023.2201109.
46. Gungor Turkmen B., Celik P., Sehit H., Bedez Ute T. 2023. Investigation of the effects of hollow yarn structure and woven fabric construction on fabric performance: mechanical properties. The Journal of The Textile Institute. April. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2023.2196044.
47. Das A., Ishtiaque S.M. Singh, R. P.2009. Packing of micro-porous yarns. Part II: Optimization of fabric characteristics. Journal of the Textile Institute. 100 (3). 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000701559917
48. Ala D.M. 2021. An Experimental Study on Selected Performance Properties of 100% Cotton Terry Fabrics Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon. 31 (1). 43-52.
49. Turan R. B., Okur, A. 2008. Air Permeability of Fabrics. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 15 (72). 16-25.
50. Benltoufa S., Fayala F., Ben Nasrallah S.2008. Capillary rise in macro and micro pores of jersey knitting structure. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 3(3). 155892500800300305.
51. Y. Li, W. Xu, K.W. Yeung, Moisture Management of Textiles, 2000, U.S. patent 6,499,338 B2.
52. Balci Kiliç, G. 2022. A Comparative Investigation of Transfer, Permeability and Porosity Properties of Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 29:128. 238-248.
53. Büyükakıncı, B. Y. 2010. Investigation of the internal structure of regenerated bamboo fiber. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon. 20(4). 277-283.
54. Moghassem A.R., Gharehaghaji A.A. 2009. Redistribution of fibers in the structure of hollow ring yarns. International Journal of Engineering Transactions B: Applications. 22 (2). 197-204.
55. M.Kayri, The Multiple Comparison (Post-Hoc) Techniques to Determine the Difference Between Groups in Researches, Fırat University Journal of Social Science, (2009) 19 (1): 51-64
56. Hussain, U., Bin YounisF., et al.2015. Comfort and Mechanical Properties of Polyester/Bamboo and Polyester/Cotton Blended Knitted Fabric, Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 10(2):61-69.
57. Erdumlu, N., Ozipek, B. 2008. Investigation of regenerated bamboo fibre and yarn characteristics. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 16(4), 69.
58. Ahmad, I., Farooq, A., Baig, S. A., Rashid, M. F. 2012. Quality parameters analysis of ring spun yarns made from different blends of bamboo and cotton fibres. Journal of Quality and Technology management. (1), 1-12.

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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Yarn Technology, Fabric Technologies, Fiber Technology, Textile Technology
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Tuba Bedez Ute 0000-0003-0574-2874 Pınar Çelik 0000-0003-3558-4213 Matejka Bizjak 0000-0003-0361-9784
Early Pub Date	March 29, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date	October 31, 2024
Acceptance Date	March 5, 2025
Published in Issue	Year 2025 Volume: 35 Issue: 1

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APA	Bedez Ute, T., Çelik, P., & Bizjak, M. (2025). Terry and Single Jersey Fabrics Knitted with Porous Yarns for Enhanced Sock Performance. Textile and Apparel, 35(1), 41-53.

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