Part 1: Cationization of Cotton Terry Towel Fabrics by Exhaustion Method; Labscale and Commercial Scale Trials

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 244 - 262

Fatma Filiz Yıldırım , Sultan Aras Elibüyük , Osman Ozan Avinc , Şaban Yumru , Mustafa Çörekcioğlu

https://doi.org/10.32710/tekstilvekonfeksiyon.1671647

Abstract

The incompatibility of cotton fibres with numerous dyestuffs can be addressed through the utilisation of considerable quantities of electrolytes. Nevertheless, the extensive utilisation of electrolytes during reactive dyeing inevitably results in the formation of a significant volume of wastewater. To address this challenge, cotton is cationized with cationic agents, thereby enhancing its dyeability with anionic dyestuffs. This study was derived from the findings of a doctoral thesis conducted as a result of a collaborative project between Pamukkale University and Ozanteks Textile Company, a prominent towel and bathrobe manufacturer in Turkey. This research paper is a two-part study. In the initial section of this paper, 100% cotton terry towel fabrics were subjected to cationization procedures during and after the bleaching process in a laboratory setting, utilising six distinct commercial cationization agents. Subsequently, the cationized cotton terry towel fabrics were subjected to dyeing processes, namely salt-free reactive dyeing, conventional reactive dyeing, and acid dyeing. The CIELAB values, rubbing and washing fastness, and colour strength (K/S) values of the cotton terry towel fabrics were compared. Subsequently, a decision analysis study (analytical hierarchical process, AHP) was conducted to identify the optimal cationization agent and processes for big commercial-scale applications. The criteria included color strength, color fastness, and cationic agent cost. In light of the findings of the AHP studies, CA1 coded cationization agent (based on polyammonium compounds) was identified as the optimal cationic agent for utilisation in commercial dyeing, the specifics of which will be outlined in the subsequent paper. Moreover, the findings indicated that cationization should be carried out after bleaching. The second part of the paper presents the results of big commercial scale cationization, reactive and acid dyeings carried out using the selected cationization agent and processes. The influence of these processes on the fastness properties (wash, perspiration and water fastness) and physical characteristics (tensile strength and water absorption) of cotton terry towel fabrics was evaluated by statistical comparison. The chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, total chemical, energy, and water consumption of the commercially available dyes were also compared to assess their environmental impact.

Keywords

Laboratory trials , cationization , salt-free dyeing , acid dye , cationic agents , analytic hierarchial process (AHP)

Supporting Institution

TUBITAK

Project Number

119C070

Thanks

The authors are grateful to the Ozanteks Tekstil San ve Tic A.S, Turkey for providing the laboratory and commercial dyeing and textile testing facilities. This study was supported by TUBITAK under project number 119C070. The authors would like to thenk TUBITAK for their valuable support.

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