Etnik Milliyetçiliğin Yükselişi, Devlet-İçi Çatışmalar ve Çatışma Çözümü

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 11 - 33, 31.01.2018

Muzaffer Ercan Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.393051

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Bu makale, Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde yükselen etnik milliyetçilik ve bununla bağlantılı devlet içi çatışmaların temel sebepleri üzerine analitik bir tartışma ortaya koymaya çalışmakta, aynı zamanda söz konusu çatışmaların nasıl çözülebileceğine ilişkin bazı öneriler geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Küresel ölçekte cereyan eden etno-politik çatışmaların kimi ortak yanlarını tespit etme çabasından hareket eden çalışma, söz konusu çatışmaların, genel olarak, etnik kimliği baskılamaya yönelik sınırlamalar, yasal, ekonomik ve kültürel ayrımcılık, anti-demokratik rejim, elverişsiz ekonomik koşullar, adaletsiz kaynak dağılımı, devlet otoritesinin çökmesi ve uluslararası destek unsurlarıyla bağlantılı olduğu sonucuna ulaşmaktadır. Çalışma, ayrıca, devlet içi çatışmaların yalnızca askeri güç temelinde çözülemeyeceğine vurgu yapmakta, makul düzeyde bir güç kullanımının fiziksel şiddeti önleme bağlamında fonksiyonel olabileceğine, ancak kalıcı bir çözüm için, ulusal ve uluslararası aktörler tarafından sorunların altta yatan nedenlerine cevap verebilecek çok yönlü çabalar ortaya konması gereğine işaret etmektedir. 

Keywords

Etnik Milliyetçilik, Devlet İçi Çatışmalar, Etnik Çatışmalar, Etnik Çatışma Çözümü, Barışın İnşası

The Rise of Ethnic Nationalism, Intra-State Conflicts and Conflict Resolution

Abstract

This article aims to discuss the rise of ethnic nationalism and related intra-state conflicts in the post-Cold War era, also attempting to come up with some recommendations for the resolution of such conflicts. By looking through major ethnopolitical conflicts around the globe and trying to find out some main points in common, the study reaches the conclusion that these conflicts are, in general, associated with, but not limited to, restrictions of ethnic identity, legal, economic and cultural discrimination, anti-democratic regimes, unfavorable economic conditions, collapse of state authority, and international support. The study also reveals that ethnopolitical conflicts cannot be resolved through force only. Although a reasonable use of force may be functional in terms of stopping immediate violence and providing a cooling-off period for negotiations, multi-level efforts are said to be needed by domestic and international actors to be responsive to the underlying causes of intra-state conflicts discussed in detail.

Keywords

Ethnic Nationalism, Intra-State Conflicts, Ethnic Conflicts, Ethnic Conflict Resolution, Peace Building

References

• Aoi, C. and Coning, C. (2017). Conclusion. Cedric C. C. et al. (Eds.) UN Peacekeeping Doctrine in a New Era, pp. 221-226. New York: Rutledge.
• Banton, Michael P. (1994). Discrimination. Buckingham, PH: Open University Press.
• Burton, J. W. (1979). Deviance, Terrorism, and War: The Process of Solving Unsolved Social and Political Problems. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• ______. (1990). Conflict: Human Needs Theory, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• ______. (1997). Violence Explained. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
• Clogan, P. M. (2002). Ethnicity and Self-Identity. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Cote, J. E. and Levine, C. G. (2014). Identity Formation, Agency, and Culture. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Elbaum Associates, Inc.
• Davies, J. and Kaufman, E. (2002). Second Track/Citizen’s Diplomacy: Concepts and Techniques for Conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
• Foley, C. (2017). UN Peacekeeping Operations and the Protection of Civilians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Fukuyama, F. (1998). The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
• Galtung, J. (1990). "Cultural Violence." Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 291-305.
• Gartner, H.; Honig, J.W and Akbulut, H. (2015). Democracy, Peace and Security. London: Lexington Books. Gurr, T. R. (1993). Minorities at Risk. Washington, D.C. : USIP Press.
• ______. (1996). Minorities, Nationalists, and Ethnopolitical Conflict. C. A. Crocker, (Ed.) Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict, pp. 53-78. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace.
• ______. (2015). Political Rebellion: Causes, Outcomes and Alternatives. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
• Harris, I.M. and Morrison, M.L. (2003). Peace Education. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company Inc.
• Horowitz, D.L. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Lijphart, A. (1977). Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• ______. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Kjeksrud, S. and Vermeij, L. (2017). Protecting Government From Insurgencies. Cedric C. C. et al. (Eds.) UN Peacekeeping Doctrine in a New Era, pp. 221-226. New York: Rutledge.
• Lobell, S.E. (2004). Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation. New York: Palgrave MacMillian. Lyons, T. and Samatar, A. (1995). Somalia: State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention, and Strategies for Political Reconstruction. Brooking Occasional Papers. Montville, J.V. (1990). The Arrow and the Olive Branch: A Case for Track Two Diplomacy. V.D. Volkan (Ed.) The Psychodynamics of International Relationships, Vol. II, pp. 114-125 London: Lexington Books.
• Mumford, A. (2013). Proxy Warfare. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
• Muravchik, J. (1996). Promoting Peace Through Democracy. C. A. Crocker, (Ed.) Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict, pp. 573-586. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace.
• Pruitt, D.G., Kim, S.H. and Rubin, J.Z. (2004). Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Sherif, M. (1967). Group Conflict and Cooperation. Routledge: London.
• Stangor, C. (2000). Stereotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings. Philadelphia, P.A.: Psychology Press.
• Sutherland, C. (2011). Nationalism in the Twenty-First Century. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Walzer, M. (1992). The Politics of Ethnicity. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
• Yılmaz, M. E. (2007a). Intra-State Conflicts in the Post-Cold War Era. International Journal on World Peace, 12 (4), 7-30.
• ______. (2007b). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Etnik Çatışmalar. Ankara: Nobel.
• ______. (2015). Barışı İnşa Etmek. Bursa: Dora.
• ______. (2016). Etnik Çatışmalar ve Güç Kullanımı. H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, S. Demir (Eds.) Uluslararası Güvenlik: Yeni Politikalar, Stratejiler ve Yaklaşımlar. İstanbul: Beta.
• http://www.un.org . Erişim tarihi: 08.11.2017.