GELİŞEN BLOKZİNCİR TEKNOLOJİSİNİN VADETTİKLERİ KARŞISINDA TÜRKİYE’DE MÜZİK ALANINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN MESLEK BİRLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ

Year 2021, , 323 - 349, 31.12.2021

Barış Gözübüyük

https://doi.org/10.55027/tfm.994224

Abstract

Meslek birlikleri kullanıcılardan topladıkları telif bedellerini hak sahiplerine dağıtan, sui generis nitelikte özel hukuk tüzel kişileridir. Fikri hakların bireysel olarak takibindeki güçlükler bu hakların toplu biçimde yönetilmesini zorunlu kılmış, bu zaruriyet neticesinde de meslek birlikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu nedenle, meslek birlikleri yerine toplu hak yönetim organizasyonu ifadesi de kullanılmaktadır. Meslek birlikleri, toplu hak yönetiminde tekel hakkına sahip olan kuruluşlar olarak fikri haklar hukukunun en önemli aktörlerindendir. Bununla beraber, toplu hak yönetiminde zaman zaman aksaklıklar yaşanmaktadır. Öncelikle, hak sahipliği bilgilerinin tutulduğu merkezi veri tabanlarındaki eksiklikler ve hatalar nedeniyle bazı hallerde gerçek hak sahipleri tespit edilememekte ve hak sahiplerine eksik ödeme yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca, hak sahiplerine ödenen telif bedellerine ilişkin raporlar yeterince şeffaf olmadığı için hak sahipleri kendilerine ödenen meblağ doğru olsa dahi kafa karışıklığı yaşayabilmektedir. Son olarak, telif bedellerinin meslek birliklerince kullanıcılardan toplanarak hak sahiplerine dağıtılması uzun zaman almaktadır. Hızla gelişen ve etki alanını genişleten blokzincir teknolojisi müzik endüstrisini etkilemeye başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, blokzincir teknolojisi toplu hak yönetiminde yaşanan sorunlara ilişkin önemli vaatler getirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, blokzincir teknolojisinin müzik endüstrisine vaad ettikleri bağlamında müzik alanında faaliyet gösteren meslek birliklerinin olası rolünün nasıl şekilleneceğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle blokzincir teknolojisinin teknik boyutu ele alınacak, sonrasında müzik eserlerinin lisanslanması, telif bedellerinin toplanması ve dağıtımı sürecinde meslek birliklerine değinilerek müzik endüstrisindeki mevcut durum ortaya konulacaktır. Ardından, blokzincir teknolojisinin müzik endüstrisinde kullanılmasının önündeki engellere değinilecektir. Nihayetinde Türkiye’de müzik alanında faaliyet gösteren meslek birliklerinin rolüne ilişkin değerlendirmelerde bulunularak çalışma sonlandırılacaktır.

Keywords

blokzincir teknolojisi, meslek birlikleri, toplu hak yönetimi, müzik endüstrisi, telif bedelleri

THE ROLE OF COLLECTING SOCIETIES OPERATING IN THE FIELD OF MUSIC IN TURKEY VIS A VIS THE PROMISES OF DEVELOPING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

Abstract

Collecting societies are private legal entities of sui generis nature that distribute the royalties they collect from users to right holders. The difficulties in the individual pursuit of intellectual rights necessitated the collective management of these rights, and as a result of this necessity, collecting societies emerged. For this reason, the term collective rights management organization is also used instead of collecting societies. Collecting societies are among the most important actors of intellectual property law as organizations that have a monopoly in collective rights management. However, there are occasional problems in collective rights management. First of all, due to deficiencies and errors in the central databases where entitlement information is kept, in some cases the real beneficiaries cannot be identified and the beneficiaries are paid incompletely. In addition, since the reports on the royalties paid to the rights holders are not transparent enough, the rights holders may experience confusion even if the amount paid to them is correct. Finally, it takes a long time for the royalties to be collected from the users by the collecting societies and distributed to the right holders. Blockchain technology, which is rapidly developing and expanding its sphere of influence, has begun to affect the music industry. In this context, blockchain technology brings important promises regarding the problems experienced in collective rights management. The main purpose of this study is to reveal how the possible role of collecting societies operating in the field of music will be shaped in the context of the promises of blockchain technology to the music industry. In this direction, first of all, the technical dimension of blockchain technology will be discussed, then the current situation in the music industry will be revealed by referring to collecting societies in the licensing of musical works, collection and distribution of royalties. Then, the barriers to the use of blockchain technology in the music industry will be addressed. Finally, the study will be concluded by making evaluations on the role of professional associations operating in the field of music in Turkey.

Keywords

blockchain technology, collecting societies, collective management, music industry, copyright royalties

DIE ROLLE DER VERWERTUNGSGESELLSCHAFTEN IM MUSIKBEREICH IN DER TÜRKEI GEGENÜBER DEN VERSPRECHEN DER ENTWICKLUNG DER BLOCKCHAIN-TECHNOLOGIE

Abstract

Verwertungsgesellschaften sind private juristische Personen sui generis, die die von den Nutzern eingezogenen Lizenzgebühren an die Rechteinhaber verteilen. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der individuellen Wahrnehmung geistiger Rechte machten die kollektive Wahrnehmung dieser Rechte erforderlich, und aus dieser Notwendigkeit entstanden Verwertungsgesellschaften. Aus diesem Grund wird anstelle von Verwertungsgesellschaften auch der Begriff Verwertungsgesellschaft verwendet. Verwertungsgesellschaften gehören als Monopolorganisationen der kollektiven Rechtewahrnehmung zu den wichtigsten Akteuren des gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes. Allerdings gibt es gelegentlich Probleme bei der kollektiven Rechtewahrnehmung. Erstens können aufgrund von Mängeln und Fehlern in den zentralen Datenbanken, in denen die Anspruchsinformationen gespeichert sind, in einigen Fällen die tatsächlichen Begünstigten nicht identifiziert werden und die Begünstigten werden unvollständig bezahlt. Da außerdem die Berichte über die an die Rechteinhaber gezahlten Lizenzgebühren nicht transparent genug sind, können die Rechteinhaber auch dann Verwirrung stiften, wenn der an sie gezahlte Betrag korrekt ist. Schließlich dauert es lange, bis die Lizenzgebühren von den Verwertungsgesellschaften bei den Nutzern eingezogen und an die Rechteinhaber verteilt werden. Die Blockchain-Technologie, die sich schnell entwickelt und ihren Einflussbereich ausdehnt, hat begonnen, die Musikindustrie zu beeinflussen. In diesem Zusammenhang bringt die Blockchain-Technologie wichtige Versprechungen hinsichtlich der Problematik der kollektiven Rechtewahrnehmung. Der Hauptzweck dieser Studie besteht darin, aufzuzeigen, wie sich die mögliche Rolle von im Musikbereich tätigen Verwertungsgesellschaften im Kontext der Versprechen der Blockchain-Technologie an die Musikindustrie gestalten wird. In diese Richtung wird zunächst die technische Dimension der Blockchain-Technologie diskutiert, dann wird die aktuelle Situation in der Musikindustrie unter Hinweis auf Verwertungsgesellschaften bei der Lizenzierung von Musikwerken, Erhebung und Verteilung von Lizenzgebühren aufgezeigt. Anschließend werden die Hindernisse für den Einsatz der Blockchain-Technologie in der Musikindustrie angesprochen. Abschließend wird die Studie mit einer Bewertung der Rolle der im Musikbereich tätigen Berufsverbände in der Türkei abgeschlossen.

Keywords

blockchain technologie, Verwertungsgesellschaften, kollektive Verwaltung, Musikindustrie, Lizenzgebühren

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