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The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 207 - 214, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.51972/tfsd.1020871

Abstract

Purpose: Our study aimed to examine the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia
Material and Methods: Following the rules on infection, a face-to-face questionnaire was conducted with 103 patients with schizophrenia. Participants were evaluated by using the COVID-19 Fear Scale (FCoV-19S) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
Results: Participants' average FCoV-19S scores were less than half of the maximum score on the scale. We found that positive symptoms score was significantly negatively associated with FCoV-19S scores, whereas negative symptoms score was positively associated with the FCoV-19S scores in the bivariate model. We found that positive symptoms predicted fear of COVID-19 negatively and significantly, while general psychopathology symptoms predicted fear of COVID-19 positively and significantly..
Conclusion: We think it is necessary to develop situation-specific rehabilitation interventions for this group, which has become more vulnerable to the COVID-19 outbreak. We are of the opinion that various methods of intervention should be developed and addressed in future studies about possible consequences of low or high COVID-19 fear.

References

  • 1. 1. World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports. (2020 Mar 31). www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus- 2019/situation-reports
  • 2. Rogers, A. H., Shepherd, J. M., Garey, L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020). Psychological factors associated with substance use initiation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry research, 293, 113407.
  • 3. Liu, S., Liu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020). Somatic symptoms and concern regarding COVID-19 among Chinese college and primary school students: A cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 289, 113070.
  • 4. Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., Giannakis, P., & Falagas, M. E. (2009). Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 15(8), 743–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x
  • 5. Tucci, V., Moukaddam, N., Meadows, J., Shah, S., Galwankar, S. C., & Kapur, G. B. (2017). The forgotten plague: psychiatric manifestations of ebola, zika, and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of global infectious diseases, 9(4), 151.
  • 6. Montemurro, N. (2020). The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people. Brain, behavior, and immunity.
  • 7. Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232-235.
  • 8. Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63.
  • 9. Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • 10. Fofana, N. K., Latif, F., Sarfraz, S., Bashir, M. F., & Komal, B. (2020). Fear and agony of the pandemic leading to stress and mental illness: an emerging crisis in the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113230.
  • 11. Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Houlihan, A. E., Stock, M. L., & Pomery, E. A. (2008). A dual-process approach to health risk decision making: The prototype willingness model. Developmental review, 28(1), 29-61.
  • 12. Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological bulletin, 127(2), 267.
  • 13. Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 24(2), 311-322.
  • 14. Yao, H., Chen, J. H., & Xu, Y. F. (2020). Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e21.
  • 15. Fusar-Poli, P., Tantardini, M., De Simone, S., Ramella-Cravaro, V., Oliver, D., Kingdon, J., Kotlicka-Antczak, M., Valmaggia, L., Lee, J., Millan, M., 2017. Deconstructing vulnerability for psychosis: meta-analysis of environmental risk factors for psychosis in subjects at ultra high-risk. European Psychiatry 40, 65–75.
  • 16. Palomar-Ciria, N., del Valle, P. B., Hernández-Las Heras, M. Á., & Martínez-Gallardo, R. (2020). Schizophrenia and COVID-19 delirium. Psychiatry Research, 113137.
  • 17. Correll, C. U., Solmi, M., Veronese, N., Bortolato, B., Rosson, S., Santonastaso, P., ... & Stubbs, B. (2017). Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large‐scale meta‐analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 163-180.
  • 18. Zareifopoulos, N., Bellou, A., Spiropoulou, A., & Spiropoulos, K. (2018). Prevalence of comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in individuals suffering from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 15(6), 612-620
  • 19. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,
  • 21. Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 13(2), 261-276.
  • 22. Kostakoğlu, A. E., Batur, S., Tiryaki, A., & Göğüş, A. (1999). Pozitif ve negatif sendrom ölçeğinin (PANSS) Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14(44), 23-32.
  • 23. Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2020). Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-9.
  • 24. Nguyen, H. T., Do, B. N., Pham, K. M., Kim, G. B., Dam, H., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, Y. H., Sørensen, K., Pleasant, A., & Duong, T. V. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 Scale-Associations of Its Scores with Health Literacy and Health-Related Behaviors among Medical Students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(11), 4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114164
  • 25. Lysaker, P. H., Davis, L. W., Lightfoot, J., Hunter, N., & Stasburger, A. (2005). Association of neurocognition, anxiety, positive and negative symptoms with coping preference in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 80(2-3), 163-171.
  • 26. Ventura J, Thames AD, Wood RC, Guzik LH, Hellemann GS. Disorganization and reality distortion in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the relationship between positive symptoms and neurocognitive deficits. Schizophr Res 2010;121:1–14.
  • 27. Lopes, B., Bortolon, C., & Jaspal, R. (2020). Paranoia, hallucinations and compulsive buying during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United Kingdom: a preliminary experimental study. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113455.
  • 28. Correll, C. U., & Schooler, N. R. (2020). Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review and Clinical Guide for Recognition, Assesssment, and Treatment. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 16, 519–534. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S225643,
  • 29. Tso, I. F., Grove, T. B., & Taylor, S. F. (2010). Emotional experience predicts social adjustment independent of neurocognition and social cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 122(1-3), 156-163.
  • 30. Degnan A, Berry K, Sweet D, Abel K, Crossley N, Edge D. Social networks and symptomatic and functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(9):873–888.
  • 31. Yildirim, E., Yalincetin, B., Sevilmiş, Ş., Kutay, Ö., & Alptekin, K. (2018). Is There Any Relation Between Impaired Emotion Perception and Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia?. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 55(2), 118.
  • 32. Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., Pantaleón, Y., Dios, I., & Falla, D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3041.
  • 33. Betz, L. T., Penzel, N., Kambeitz-Ilankovic, L., Rosen, M., Chisholm, K., Stainton, A., ... & Kambeitz, J. (2020). General psychopathology links burden of recent life events and psychotic symptoms in a network approach. npj Schizophrenia, 6(1), 1-8.
Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 207 - 214, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.51972/tfsd.1020871

Abstract

References

  • 1. 1. World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports. (2020 Mar 31). www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus- 2019/situation-reports
  • 2. Rogers, A. H., Shepherd, J. M., Garey, L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020). Psychological factors associated with substance use initiation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry research, 293, 113407.
  • 3. Liu, S., Liu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020). Somatic symptoms and concern regarding COVID-19 among Chinese college and primary school students: A cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 289, 113070.
  • 4. Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., Giannakis, P., & Falagas, M. E. (2009). Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 15(8), 743–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x
  • 5. Tucci, V., Moukaddam, N., Meadows, J., Shah, S., Galwankar, S. C., & Kapur, G. B. (2017). The forgotten plague: psychiatric manifestations of ebola, zika, and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of global infectious diseases, 9(4), 151.
  • 6. Montemurro, N. (2020). The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people. Brain, behavior, and immunity.
  • 7. Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232-235.
  • 8. Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63.
  • 9. Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • 10. Fofana, N. K., Latif, F., Sarfraz, S., Bashir, M. F., & Komal, B. (2020). Fear and agony of the pandemic leading to stress and mental illness: an emerging crisis in the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113230.
  • 11. Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Houlihan, A. E., Stock, M. L., & Pomery, E. A. (2008). A dual-process approach to health risk decision making: The prototype willingness model. Developmental review, 28(1), 29-61.
  • 12. Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological bulletin, 127(2), 267.
  • 13. Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 24(2), 311-322.
  • 14. Yao, H., Chen, J. H., & Xu, Y. F. (2020). Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e21.
  • 15. Fusar-Poli, P., Tantardini, M., De Simone, S., Ramella-Cravaro, V., Oliver, D., Kingdon, J., Kotlicka-Antczak, M., Valmaggia, L., Lee, J., Millan, M., 2017. Deconstructing vulnerability for psychosis: meta-analysis of environmental risk factors for psychosis in subjects at ultra high-risk. European Psychiatry 40, 65–75.
  • 16. Palomar-Ciria, N., del Valle, P. B., Hernández-Las Heras, M. Á., & Martínez-Gallardo, R. (2020). Schizophrenia and COVID-19 delirium. Psychiatry Research, 113137.
  • 17. Correll, C. U., Solmi, M., Veronese, N., Bortolato, B., Rosson, S., Santonastaso, P., ... & Stubbs, B. (2017). Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large‐scale meta‐analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 163-180.
  • 18. Zareifopoulos, N., Bellou, A., Spiropoulou, A., & Spiropoulos, K. (2018). Prevalence of comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in individuals suffering from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 15(6), 612-620
  • 19. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,
  • 21. Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 13(2), 261-276.
  • 22. Kostakoğlu, A. E., Batur, S., Tiryaki, A., & Göğüş, A. (1999). Pozitif ve negatif sendrom ölçeğinin (PANSS) Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14(44), 23-32.
  • 23. Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2020). Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-9.
  • 24. Nguyen, H. T., Do, B. N., Pham, K. M., Kim, G. B., Dam, H., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, Y. H., Sørensen, K., Pleasant, A., & Duong, T. V. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 Scale-Associations of Its Scores with Health Literacy and Health-Related Behaviors among Medical Students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(11), 4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114164
  • 25. Lysaker, P. H., Davis, L. W., Lightfoot, J., Hunter, N., & Stasburger, A. (2005). Association of neurocognition, anxiety, positive and negative symptoms with coping preference in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 80(2-3), 163-171.
  • 26. Ventura J, Thames AD, Wood RC, Guzik LH, Hellemann GS. Disorganization and reality distortion in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the relationship between positive symptoms and neurocognitive deficits. Schizophr Res 2010;121:1–14.
  • 27. Lopes, B., Bortolon, C., & Jaspal, R. (2020). Paranoia, hallucinations and compulsive buying during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United Kingdom: a preliminary experimental study. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113455.
  • 28. Correll, C. U., & Schooler, N. R. (2020). Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review and Clinical Guide for Recognition, Assesssment, and Treatment. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 16, 519–534. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S225643,
  • 29. Tso, I. F., Grove, T. B., & Taylor, S. F. (2010). Emotional experience predicts social adjustment independent of neurocognition and social cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 122(1-3), 156-163.
  • 30. Degnan A, Berry K, Sweet D, Abel K, Crossley N, Edge D. Social networks and symptomatic and functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(9):873–888.
  • 31. Yildirim, E., Yalincetin, B., Sevilmiş, Ş., Kutay, Ö., & Alptekin, K. (2018). Is There Any Relation Between Impaired Emotion Perception and Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia?. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 55(2), 118.
  • 32. Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., Pantaleón, Y., Dios, I., & Falla, D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3041.
  • 33. Betz, L. T., Penzel, N., Kambeitz-Ilankovic, L., Rosen, M., Chisholm, K., Stainton, A., ... & Kambeitz, J. (2020). General psychopathology links burden of recent life events and psychotic symptoms in a network approach. npj Schizophrenia, 6(1), 1-8.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emrullah Dündar

Emine Nur Çorum This is me 0000-0002-9661-4423

Publication Date September 30, 2022
Submission Date November 8, 2021
Acceptance Date July 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Dündar, E., & Çorum, E. N. (2022). The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Turkish Journal of Science and Health, 3(3), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.51972/tfsd.1020871








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