An Evaluation of Mindful Eating, Sleep Quality, and Night Eating Syndrome of Adults

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 99 - 107, 31.05.2023

Elif Sağlam M. Ali Cebirbay

https://doi.org/10.51972/tfsd.1108684

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the differences that emerged with mindful eating, sleep quality, and night eating syndrome in adults.
Material and Methods: A survey model was used for the study, and it included randomized selected 18-65 aged 580 adults in Konya with a questionnaire consisting of demographic and anthropometric measurements, nutrition habits, Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ-30), Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
Results: The mean (x̄±SE) of the MEQ-30 was found to be 3.25±0.027 in women and 3.22±0.024 men. Men’s emotional eating score is higher than women, and their eating control, awareness, and eating discipline scores are lower than women, eating control (p=0.002) and eating discipline differed (p=0.045) for BMI. Due to the NEQ scores, 59% of those at risk for Night Eating Syndrome (NES) were in women and 41% men. Mood/sleep dysfunction scores differed in gender among other sub-dimensions of NEQ (p=0.044). In PSQI total scores, good (14.06±0.372) (55.3%) and poor (14.22±0.355) (44.7%) sleep quality did not differ (p=0.771). A negative correlation was found between NEQ and MEQ-30 scores (p=0.815) and PSQI and NEQ scores (p=0.195). However, MEQ-30 and the PSQI scores showed significant differences (p=0.000), and the correlation was found to be low (r=0.024).
Conclusion: Mindful eating, and sleep quality scores may be variable according to gender and BMI, it has a relationship between mindful eating and sleep quality, which has not been determined by night eating behaviors. Therefore, it is important to consider that factors be an indicator of maintaining healthy eating habits.

Keywords

Mindful eating, Sleep quality, Night eating syndrome.

References

• Agargun, M. Y., Kara, H., & Anlar, O. (1996). Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksinin Geçerliği ve Güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7, 107–115.
• Akdevelioğlu, Y., Şahin, T. Ö., & Yesildemir, O. (2020). Sleep quality and its relationship with night eating syndrome, the risk of diabetes, and nutritional status among university students. Progress in Nutrition, 22(1), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i1.9148
• Allison, K. C., Ahima, R. S., O’Reardon, J. P., Dinges, D. F., Sharma, V., Cummings, D. E., Heo, M., Martino, N. S., & Stunkard, A. J. (2005). Neuroendocrine Profiles Associated with Energy Intake, Sleep, and Stress in the Night Eating Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90(11), 6214–6217. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1018
• Allison, K. C., Lundgren, J. D., O’Reardon, J. P., Geliebter, A., Gluck, M. E., Vinai, P., Mitchell, J. E., Schenck, C. H., Howell, M. J., Crow, S. J., Engel, S., Latzer, Y., Tzischinsky, O., Mahowald, M. W., & Stunkard, A. J. (2010). Proposed diagnostic criteria for night eating syndrome. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(3), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20693
• Allison, K. C., Wadden, T. A., Sarwer, D. B., Fabricatore, A. N., Crerand, C. E., Gibbons, L. M., Stack, R. M., Stunkard, A. J., & Williams, N. N. (2006). Night Eating Syndrome and Binge Eating Disorder among Persons Seeking Bariatric Surgery: Prevalence and Related Features. Obesity, 14(3S), 77S-82S. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.286
• Al-Musharaf, S. (2020). Prevalence and Predictors of Emotional Eating among Healthy Young Saudi Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients, 12(10), 2923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102923
• Asghari, A., Farhadi, M., Kamrava, S. K., Ghalehbaghi, B., & Nojomi, M. (2012). Subjective sleep quality in urban population. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 15(2), 95–98. https://doi.org/012152/AIM.0010
• Atalıkoğlu Başkan, S., & Güneş, D. (2021). The Effect of Stress Perceived by Adults Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Their Sleep Quality. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine, 8(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.02996
• Atasoy, N., Saracli, O., Konuk, N., Ankarali, H., Guriz, S., Akdemir, A., Sevincer, G., & Atik, L. (2014). The reliability and validity of Turkish version of The Night Eating Questionnaire in psychiatric outpatient population. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 15(3), 238. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.39829
• Briguglio, M., Vitale, J. A., Galentino, R., Banfi, G., Zanaboni Dina, C., Bona, A., Panzica, G., Porta, M., Dell’Osso, B., & Glick, I. D. (2020). Healthy Eating, Physical Activity, and Sleep Hygiene (HEPAS) as the Winning Triad for Sustaining Physical and Mental Health in Patients at Risk for or with Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Considerations for Clinical Practice. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 55–70. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S229206
• Caldwell, K., Emery, L., Harrison, M., & Greeson, J. (2011). Changes in mindfulness, well-being, and sleep quality in college students through taijiquan courses: a cohort control study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 17(10), 931–938. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0645
• Chaput, J.-P. (2014). Sleep patterns, diet quality and energy balance. Physiology & Behavior, 134, 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.006
• Cleator, J., Abbott, J., Judd, P., Sutton, C., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2012). Night eating syndrome: implications for severe obesity. Nutrition & Diabetes, 2, e44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2012.16
• Conversano, C., di Giuseppe, M., Miccoli, M., Ciacchini, R., Gemignani, A., & Orrù, G. (2020). Mindfulness, Age and Gender as Protective Factors Against Psychological Distress During COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01900
• Czepczor-Bernat, K., Brytek-Matera, A., Gramaglia, C., & Zeppegno, P. (2020). The moderating effects of mindful eating on the relationship between emotional functioning and eating styles in overweight and obese women. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 25(4), 841–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00740-6
• Demirbas, N., Kutlu, R., & Kurnaz, A. (2021). The Relationship between Mindful Eating and Body Mass Index and Body Compositions in Adults. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000518675
• Framson, C., Kristal, A. R., Schenk, J. M., Littman, A. J., Zeliadt, S., & Benitez, D. (2009). Development and validation of the mindful eating questionnaire. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(8), 1439–1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.006
• Frank, S., Gonzalez, K., Lee-Ang, L., Young, M. C., Tamez, M., & Mattei, J. (2017). Diet and Sleep Physiology: Public Health and Clinical Implications. Frontiers in Neurology, 8, 393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00393
• Giannopoulou, I., Kotopoulea-Nikolaidi, M., Daskou, S., Martyn, K., & Patel, A. (2020). Mindfulness in Eating Is Inversely Related to Binge Eating and Mood Disturbances in University Students in Health-Related Disciplines. Nutrients, 12(2), 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020396
• Grosso, G., Marventano, S., D’Urso, M., Mistretta, A., & Galvano, F. (2017). The Mediterranean healthy eating, ageing, and lifestyle (MEAL) study: rationale and study design. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 68(5), 577–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2016.1262335
• Gwin, J. A., & Leidy, H. J. (2018). Breakfast Consumption Augments Appetite, Eating Behavior, and Exploratory Markers of Sleep Quality Compared with Skipping Breakfast in Healthy Young Adults. Current Developments in Nutrition, 2(11), nzy074. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzy074
• Hinz, A., Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Löffler, M., Engel, C., Enzenbach, C., Hegerl, U., & Sander, C. (2017). Sleep quality in the general population: psychometric properties of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, derived from a German community sample of 9284 people. Sleep Medicine, 30, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.03.008
• Huang, W., Ramsey, K. M., Marcheva, B., & Bass, J. (2011). Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121(6), 2133–2141. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI46043
• Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
• Iranpour, S., Kheirabadi, G. R., Mansouri, K., Adineh, H. A., & Maracy, M. R. (2020). Association Between Caffeine Intake and Sleep Quality in the Postpartum Period: A Population-Based Study. Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research, 10(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1089/caff.2019.0018
• Battles, J. (2018). An exploration of the relationships between mindfulness and obesity-related eating behaviors . Eastern Michigan University . Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 992. https://commons.emich.edu/theses/992
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (2015). Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1481–1483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0456-x
• Khosravi, A., Emamian, M. H., Hashemi, H., & Fotouhi, A. (2021). Components of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Iranian adult population: an item response theory model. Sleep Medicine: X, 3, 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleepx.2021.100038
• Köse, G., & Tayfur, M. (2021). BMI, Physical Activity, Sleep Quality, Eating Attitudes, Emotions: Which One is Affected by Mindful Eating? BMI, Physical Activity, Mindful Eating. Progress in Nutrition, 23(1), e2021002. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v23i1.9194
• Köse, G., Tayfur, M., Birincioğlu, I., & Dönmez, A. (2017). Adaptation Study of the Mindful Eating Questiionnare (MEQ) into Turkish. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 1. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.250644
• Kristeller, J., Wolever, R. Q., & Sheets, V. (2014). Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) for Binge Eating: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Mindfulness, 5(3), 282–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0179-1
• Lent, M. R., Atwood, M., Bennett, W. L., Woolf, T. B., Martin, L., Zhao, D., Goheer, A. A., Song, S., McTigue, K. M., Lehmann, H. P., Holzhauer, K., & Coughlin, J. W. (2022). Night eating, weight, and health behaviors in adults participating in the Daily24 study. Eating Behaviors, 45, 101605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101605
• Masuda, A., & Tully, E. C. (2012). The Role of Mindfulness and Psychological Flexibility in Somatization, Depression, Anxiety, and General Psychological Distress in a Nonclinical College Sample. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587211423400
• Modrzejewska, J., Modrzejewska, A., Czepczor-Bernat, K., & Matusik, P. (2022). The role of body mass index, healthy eating-related apps and educational activities on eating motives and behaviours among women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross sectional study. PloS One, 17(3), e0266016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266016
• Navarro-Sanchis, C., Brock, O., Winsky-Sommerer, R., & Thuret, S. (2017). Modulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Sleep: Impact on Mental Health. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2017.00074
• Olejniczak, D., Bugajec, D., Staniszewska, A., Panczyk, M., Kielan, A., Czerw, A., Mańczuk, M., Juszczyk, G., Skonieczna, J., & Brytek-Matera, A. (2018). Risk assessment of night-eating syndrome occurrence in women in Poland, considering the obesity factor in particular. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Volume 14, 1521–1526. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S159562
• O’Reardon, J. P., Peshek, A., & Allison, K. C. (2005). Night Eating Syndrome. CNS Drugs, 19(12), 997–1008. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200519120-00003
• Pinto, T. F., Silva, F. G. C. da, Bruin, V. M. S. de, & Bruin, P. F. C. de. (2016). Night eating syndrome: How to treat it? Revista Da Associação Médica Brasileira, 62(7), 701–707. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.62.07.701
• Simonson, A. P., Davis, K. K., Barone Gibbs, B., Venditti, E. M., & Jakicic, J. M. (2020). Comparison of mindful and slow eating strategies on acute energy intake. Obesity Science & Practice, 6(6), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.441
• St-Onge, M.-P., Mikic, A., & Pietrolungo, C. E. (2016). Effects of Diet on Sleep Quality. Advances in Nutrition, 7(5), 938–949. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012336
• Talley, G., & Shelley-Tremblay, J. (2020). The Relationship between Mindfulness and Sleep Quality is Mediated by Emotion Regulation. Psychiatry International, 1(2), 42–66. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint1020007
• TDG. (2016). Turkish Dietary Guideline 2016. https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/10922,17ocaktuberingilizcepdf.pdf?0 Türközü, D., & Aksoydan, E. (2015). Uyku Süresi ve kalitesinin beslenme ve vücut bileşimine etkisi. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 24(1), 10–17.
• Tzischinsky, O., Tokatly Latzer, I., Alon, S., & Latzer, Y. (2021). Sleep Quality and Eating Disorder-Related Psychopathologies in Patients with Night Eating Syndrome and Binge Eating Disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194613
• Wang, J. B., Patterson, R. E., Ang, A., Emond, J. A., Shetty, N., & Arab, L. (2014). Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 27, 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12141
• Watson, E. J., Coates, A. M., Kohler, M., & Banks, S. (2016). Caffeine Consumption and Sleep Quality in Australian Adults. Nutrients, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080479
• WHO. (2019). Body Mass Index–BMI. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/ahealthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi
• Winkens, L. H. H., van Strien, T., Barrada, J. R., Brouwer, I. A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Visser, M. (2018). The Mindful Eating Behavior Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties in a Sample of Dutch Adults Aged 55 Years and Older. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 118(7), 1277-1290.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2018.01.015
• Winkens, L. H. H., van Strien, T., Brouwer, I. A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Visser, M. (2019). Mindful eating and change in depressive symptoms: Mediation by psychological eating styles. Appetite, 133, 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.009
• Wong, W. S., & Fielding, R. (2011). Prevalence of insomnia among Chinese adults in Hong Kong: a population-based study. Journal of Sleep Research, 20(1pt1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00822.x
• Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). The Effects of Social Support on Sleep Quality of Medical Staff Treating Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor, 26. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549
• Zhang, J., Paksarian, D., Lamers, F., Hickie, I. B., He, J., & Merikangas, K. R. (2017). Sleep Patterns and Mental Health Correlates in US Adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 182, 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.007