Üriner Sistem Taş Hastalığının Nedenleri

Öz

Uygarlığın en eski çağlarından beri idrar yolları taşlarının insanlar için önemli bir sağlık sorununu teşkil ettiği bilinmektedir. Yirmi yıl öncesine kadar üriner sistem taş hastalığının patofizyolojisini aydınlatma ve tedavisi konusundaki gelişmeler çok yavaştı. Oysa günümüzde üriner sistem taş hastalığının patofizyolojisi ve tedavisine yönelik önemli gelişmeler sağlanmıştır. Üriner sistem taş hastalığının nedeni %90 olguda ortaya konabilmekte; çeşitli tedavi programlarının uygulanmasıyla hastaların büyük kısmında taşın tekrar oluşması azaltılabilmekte veya önlenebilmektedir

The Etiology Of Urolithiasis

Abstract

References

1. Pak YC. Etiology and treatment of urolithiasis. Amer J Kidney Disease 1991; 18 (6): 624-37.
2. Pak YC. Role of medical prevention. J Urol 1989; 141: 798–801.
3. Asplin J, Parks J, Lingeman J, Kahnoski R, Mardis H, Lacey S, Goldfarb D, Grasso M, Coe F. Supersaturation and stone composition in a network of dispersed treatment sites. J Urol 1998; 159: 1821–5.
4. Finlayson B. Physicochemical aspects of urolithiasis. Kidney Int 1978; 13: 344–9.
5. Kok DJ, Papapoulos SE. Physicochemical considerations in the development and prevention of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Bone Miner 1993; 20: 1–6.
6. Pak YC, Fuller C, Sakhaee K, Preminger MG, Britton F. Long – term treatment of calcium nephrolithiasis with potassium citrate. J Urol 1985; 134: 11–9.
7. Parks HJ, Coe LF. The financial effects of kidney stone prevention. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 1706–12.
8. Nicar MJ, Hsu MC, Johnson T, Pak YC. The preservation of urine samples for determination of renal stone risk factor. 1987; 18 ( 6 ): 382–4.

9. Pak YC, Skurla C, Harvey J. Graphic display of urinary risk factors for renal stone formation. J Urol 1989; 134: –870.
10. Laube N, Schneider A, Hesse A. A new approach to calculate the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization from unprepared native urine. Urol Res 2000; 28: 274–80.
11. Robertson WG. Pathophysiology of stone formation. Urol Int 1986; 41: 329–33.
12. Robertson WG, Peacock M. Pathogenesis of urolithiasis in Scheneider. Handbook of Urology 1985; 17 (1): –334.
13. Bongartz D, Scheneider A, Hesse A. Direct measurement of calcium oxalate nucleation with laser probe. Urol Res 1999; 27: 135–40.
14. Brondus AE, Isogno KL, Lang R, Ellison AF, Dreyer BE. Evidence for disordered control of 1 – 25 dihydroxyvit- amine D production in absorptive hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med 1984; 11: 73–9.
15. Hess B, Meinhardt U, Zipperle L, Giovanoli R. Simultaneous measurements of calcium oxalate crystal nucleation and aggregation: impact of various modifiers. Urol Res 1995; 23: 231–8.
16. Nicar MJ, Skurla C, Sakhaee K, Pak YC. Low urinary citrate excretion in nephrolithiasis. Urology 1983; 21: –12.
17. Nicar MJ, Hill K, Pak YC. Inhibition by citrate of spontaneous precipitation of calcium oxalate in vitro. J Bone Min Res 1987; 2: 215–8.
18. Pak YC. Citrate and Renal Calculi. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1994; 20: 371–7.
19. Tisellius HG. The effect of the pH on the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization in urine. Eur Urol 1986; 12: –61.
20. Riese RJ, Sakhaee K. Uric acid nephrolithiasis: pathogenesis and treatment. J Urol 1992; 148: 765–71.
21. Gutman BA, Tsai – Fan Y. Uric acid nephrolithiasis. J Amer Med 1968; 45: 756–75.
22. De Vries A. Purine metabolism in uric acid lithiasis. Scan J Urol Nephrol 1980; 53: 161–70.
23. Hodgkinson A, Zarembski PM. Oxalic acid metabolism in man. Calcified Tissue Res 1968; 2: 115–24.
24. Hagler L, Herman RH. Oxalate metabolism. Amer J Clin Nutr 1973; 26: 758–65.
25. Schmidt KH, Hagmaier V, Hornig DH, Vuilleumier JP, Rutishauser G. Urinary oxalate excretion after intakes of ascorbic acid in man. Amer J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 305–9.
26. Grases F, Genaster C, Conte A, March P, Bouza C. Inhibitory effect of pyrophosphate, citrate, magnesium and chondroitin sulphate in calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Br Journal Urol 1989; 64: 235–7.