Organik Nitratlar, Tolerans Gelişmesi Ve Endotel İle İlişkisi

Öz

Organik nitratlar gliserol ve benzeri polialkollerin nitrat esterleridir. Primer kullanım yerleri olan angina pektoris dışında, tek başlarına veya diğer ilaçlarla birlikte myokard iskemisi, konjestif kalp yetmezliği ve bazı hipertansif durumların tedavisinde de kullanılırlar.

Organic Nitrates Development Of Tolerance And Interactions Between Endothelium

Abstract

References

1. Kayaalp S O. Rasyonel Tedavi yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji. Yedinci Baskı, Ankara,1995; Cilt 2, sayfa; 1211-1222.
2. Martin W, Villani G M, Jothianandan D, Furchgot R F. Selective blockade of endothelium-dependent and glyceril trinitrate-induced relaxation by hemoglobin and methylen blue in the rabbit aorta. J Exp Phar Ther 1985; 232:708-716.
3. Schröder H. Cytochrom P-450 mediates bioactivation of organic nitrates.The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1992; Vol. 262 No:1.
4. Bennett B M, McDonald B J, Nigam R, Simon W C. Biotransformation of organic nitrates and vascular smooth muscle cell function. TIPS July, 1994; (Vol. 15).
5. Mcguire J J, Anderson D J, Bennett B M. Inhibition of the biotransformation and pharmacological actions of gliceryl trinitrate by the flavoprotein inhibitör, diphenyleneiodonium sulfate. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1994; Vol. 271, No2.
6. Bennet B M, McDonald B J, StJames M J. Hepatic cytochrome P-450-mediated activation of rat aortic guanylyl cyclase by glyceryl trinitrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992, 261; 716-723.
7. Feelish M, Lüscher T F. Endogenous and Therapeutic Nitrates Monheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 1994; p: 6-23.
8. Peter H J, Horowitz D J. Determinants of in vitro Nitrogliserin Tolerance Induction and Reversal: Influence of Dose Regimen, Nitrate-Free Period, and Sulfhydryl Supplementation. J. of Cardiovasculer Pharmacology, Raven Press Ltd. New York, 1989; 14: 31-37.

9. Salvemini D, Pistelli A, Vane J. Conversion of glyceryl trinitrate to nitric oxide in tolerant and non-tolerant smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 108, 162-169.
10. Axelson K L, Anderson R G G . Tolerance towards nitroglicerin, induced in vivo, is correlated to a reduced c GMP response and an alteration in c GMP turnover. European Journal of Pharmacol 1983; 88, 71-79.
11. Molina C R, Andresen J W, Rapoport R M, Waldmann S, Murad F. Effect of in vivo nitroglycerin tolerance on nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprussid-induced relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in rat thorasic aorta. J Cardiavasc Pharmacol 1987; Vol. 10, No. 4.
12. Waldman S A, Rapoport R M, Ginsburg R, Murad F. Desensitization to nitrogliserin in vascular smooth muscle from rat and human. Biochemical Pharmacol 1986; Vol. 35, No. 20, pp 3525-3531.
13. Fukazawa M, Namıkı A. Reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation by acetylcholine and bradykinin in isolated nitroglycerin-tolerant blood vessels. Gen Pharmac 1994; Vol. 25, No. 1, pp.61-67.
14. Zierhut W, Ball H A. Prevention of vascular nitroglyserin tolerance by inhibition of protein kinase C. British Journal of Pharmacology 1996; 119, 3-5.
15. Unger P, Berkenboom G, Brekenie D, Fontaine J. Nitrate tolerance and aging in isolated rat aorta. European Journal of Pharmacology Science 1993; 248, 145-149.
16. Abrams J. Interactions between organic nitrates and thiol groups. The American Journal of Medicine, 1991; Vol. 91 (suppl 3C).
17. Katz R J, Warren W S, Buff L, Wasserman A G. Prevention of nitrate tolerance with angiotension converting enzyme ınhibitors. Circulation, 1991; 83:1271-77.
18. Kukovetz W R, Holman S. Tolerance and cross tolerance between SIN-1and nitric oxide in bovine coroner arteries. J Cardiavasc Pharmacol 1989; 14 (Supple. 11): p. 40-46.
19. Mülsch A, Busse R, Winter I, Bassenge E. Endothelium and sydnonimine induced responses of native and cultured aortic smooth muscle cells are not impaired by nitroglyceril tolerance. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 1989; 339, 568.
20. Needleman P, Johnson E M. Mechanism of tolerance development of organic nitrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983; 184,709.
21. Tony J, Lee F, Shirasaki Y, Nickols G A. Altered endothelial modulation of vascular tone in aging and hypertension. Neurohumoral Control of Blood Vessel Tone. Proc. Int. Symp. Springfield, III. Blood Vessels, 1987; 24: 132-136.
22. Shirasaki Y, Su C, Lee T J F, Kolm P, Nickols G A. Endothelial modulation of vascular relaxation to nitrovasodilators in aging and hypertension. J Exp Pharmacol Ther 1986; 239, 861.
23. Mayer B, Brunner F, Schmidt K. Novel actions of methylene blue. European Heart Journal .1993; 14 (supplement 1), 22-26.
24. Antonaccio M J. Cardiovascular Pharmacology Third Edition Raven Press, Ltd. ,1990; New York.
25. Furchgott R F, Vanhoutte P M. Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. FASEB J, 1989; 3: 2007-2018.
26. Anderson A H. Vascular endothelium in ischemic heart disease: possible role for endothelium–derived relaxing factor. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 1989; U.S.A.,3:241-248.
27. Feng O, Hedner T. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and NO: I. Physiology, pharmacology and pathophysiological implications. Clinical Physiology 1990; 10, 407-426.